‘Eating a Ripe Banana with Its Skin On’: Health Education Campaigns against STDs and HIV/AIDS in Mbozi District, Tanzania, 1980-2010

This historical study assesses health education campaigns against sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS in Mbozi District, Tanzania, between 1980 and 2010. Archival and oral data collected in Mbozi from 2008 to 2010 reveal that the campaigns have not had the intended impact of preventing the spread of the diseases. This is in part because the campaigns do not take into account the prevailing socio-economic and cultural contexts. Nevertheless, there is an increase of public awareness of sexually transmitted diseases and a slight change of sexual behaviour. Thus, to improve on the current campaigns, the stakeholders who are involved in intervention campaigns against sexually transmitted diseases should take into account the socio-economic and cultural environment

Ambiguity Tests and How to Fail Them

A number of tests used by linguists to distinguish ambiguity from lack of specification are described and illustrated, with brief critical commentary. The tests appeal to semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic principles. Special attention is given to tests using transformations whose applicability depends upon identity of sense; these tests can help to decide the status of examples for which other tests give no evidence. But there is a class of cases where the identity tests predict ambiguity, even though common sense (and tests not involving identity of sense) says that these cases involve special uses of sentences, not meaning proper, and other tests for ambiguity agree. These cases are characterized, and their anomalous behavior is explained on the grounds that they require suspension of the sincerity principle of conversation (that one means what one says)

La communication publique dans le monde arabe. Essai d’analyse de son émergence et de son développement

Ce texte examine l’émergence et le développement de la communication publique dans le monde arabe. L’essor de la communication publique est lié à une série de dynamiques : construction et crise de l’Etat postcolonial, transformations des organisations publiques et mutations de la sphère des médias. Situé dans son contexte sociétal, l’essor de la communication publique nous renseigne sur les changements des modes de gestion politique et sur le statut des organisations publiques dans des sociétés de plus en plus ouvertes et des économies désormais soumises aux effets de la mondialisation. Le processus d’émergence en cours d’un espace public qui favorise de nouvelles formes de pluralité, de visibilité, d’expressions médiatiques explique le recours croissant de l’Etat et de ses organisations à la communication. L’analyse révèle ainsi le nouveau statut de la communication dans des sociétés arabes et l’évolution de l’Etat autoritaire.This article examines the emergence and development of public communication in the Arab world. The rise of public communication is linked to a series of dynamics: construction and crisis of postcolonial state, transformation of public organizations and changes in media sphere. In terms of the societal context, the rise of public communication tells us about the changing modes of political management and the status of public organizations in societies that are affected by free economies due to the globalization process. The emergence of a public space that promotes new forms of plurality, visibility, and expression media explains the increasing use of the communication by the state and its organizations. The current analysis reveals that the new status of communication in the Arab societies and the future of the authoritarian state. state

EVALUATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES PROVIED IN A UNIVERSITY-BASED PRIMARY CARE CLINIC

Primary care clinics are increasingly integrating psychological services into their service programs; however few studies have provided quantitative data to support these services. This study served as a program evaluation of the psychological services provided at the Ambulatory Care Clinic at the Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond, Virginia. It includes: 1) a description of the program, including types of patients served, their presenting problems, and treatments administered and 2) evidence of the impact of mental health services on primary care patients’ emotional adjustment and progress on behavioral goals. Data on exposure to stressful life events and intake and follow-up measures of depression, anxiety, smoking, insomnia, chronic pain, and weight loss were collected on 452 adult primary care patients. Although inferences are limited by the lack of a control or comparison group, preliminary findings indicate that the mental health services provided were effective. Implications and future directions are discussed

EVALUATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES FOR ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION PROVIDED IN A UNIVERSITY-BASED PRIMARY CARE CLINIC

Primary care clinics are increasingly integrating psychological services into their service programs, however few studies have used a comparison group to demonstrate the effectiveness of these services. This study evaluated the psychological services provided at the Ambulatory Care Clinic (ACC) at the Virginia Commonwealth University Health System (VCUHS) by comparing changes in 147 patients’ PHQ-9 depression scores and GAD-7 anxiety scores over time to the scores of 139 patients at the Hayes E. Willis Health Center, a comparison clinic with demographically similar patients but no integrated psychological services. Assessment data were collected from participants in the ACC at VCUHS during their first or second primary care psychology appointment and during their 3rd-5th appointment. To maximize similarity in baseline levels, participants in the Hayes clinic were matched to participants from the ACC at VCUHS according to their initial levels of depression and anxiety. Participants from the Hayes clinic were then evaluated with follow-up measures of depression and anxiety at approximately the same time interval as their matched counterparts from the ACC at VCUHS. Results indicated that participants from the ACC at VCUHS experienced significantly greater decreases in their depression and anxiety scores compared to participants in the Hayes Clinic. These results remained significant after accounting for participants’ medication for depression and anxiety and participants’ medical diagnoses. The influence of additional mental health services, treatment resistance factors, marital status, employment status, and general demographic variables were also evaluated. This study provided modest preliminary evidence that indicate integration of psychological services is effective. Strengths, limitations, and implications and future directions are discussed

Construindo resistência: um centro social autogerido em Lisboa

O Covil é um centro social autogerido em Lisboa. Centro anarquista e ligado à cena punk lisboeta, é um espaço singular, situado numa zona da cidade ainda pouco estudada e com características particulares e dinâmicas de resistência coletiva. É uma outra Lisboa - geograficamente no centro, mas ao mesmo tempo nas margens. Uma Lisboa suja e contra-hegemónica, em contraste com a Lisboa da gentrificação e da estética asséptica. Através de pesquisa etnográfica, será desvendado o que é o Covil e o que ele representa na cidade e para as pessoas que o constroem e lhe dão vida quotidianamente. A análise teórica terá um duplo foco nas vertentes urbana e cultural, procurando enquadrar as dinâmicas de resistência que se manifestam no Covil e sobre as quais a pesquisa incide. Na vertente urbana, olhar-se-á para a gentrificação e as suas complexidades e para alguns conceitos relevantes relativos à resistência e às culturas urbanas. Na vertente cultural, propondo um olhar crítico e construindo também sobre o conhecimento existente acerca das subculturas de forma mais geral, importa olhar para o punk e a sua ligação com o anarquismo e movimentos sociais. O Covil serve como um excelente espaço para compreender e problematizar diferentes fenómenos urbanos, culturais e políticos que nele se entrecruzam. Pólo de resistência, ainda que com obstáculos, é um espaço de desenvolvimento e emancipação coletiva e pessoal de grande importância e vitalidade.Covil is a self-managed social centre in Lisbon. An anarchist centre and connected to Lisbon's punk scene, it is a singular space, located in a still understudied area of the city, one with particular characteristics and dynamics of collective resistance. It is another Lisbon - geographically in the centre, but at the same time in the margins. A dirty and counter-hegemonic Lisbon, in contrast with the Lisbon of gentrification and aseptic aesthetics. Through ethnographic research, we will unveil what Covil is and what it represents in the city and to the people who build it and make it come to life on a daily basis. The theoretical analysis will have a double focus on the urban and cultural strands, seeking to frame the dynamics of resistance which manifest themselves at Covil and on which the research focuses. In the urban strand, we will look at gentrification and its complexities and at some relevant concepts related to urban resistance and cultures. In the cultural strand, proposing a critical outlook and building upon the existing knowledge on subcultures in a more general way, it is important to look at punk and its connection with anarchism and social movements. Covil serves as an excellent space to understand and problematize different urban, cultural and political phenomena which intertwine in it. An epicentre of resistance, albeit with obstacles, it is a space of collective and personal development and emancipation of great importance and vitality

Parts of Speech in Autolexical Syntax

Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1990), pp. 269-28

Investigation the Effect of Fee Free Education on Education Quality in Tanzania.

The study concerning with the effect of fee free education on education quality in Tanzania. Specifically, the study looked on the students to book ratio, student to teacher’s ratio and student to class ratio. 45 secondary schools were used as sample size these were selected in five districts of Dar es Salaam.Quantitative research approach was employed as the method of data collection, Descriptive analysis and independent samples t-test were employed. The study found that before free fee education program was introduced, one student was able to access two books at any time in the visited schools. But after introduction of this program, one student was able to access three books at school at any time. This indicated that there was slightly improvement of students to book ratio following introduction of free fee education program. Moreover, ratio of students to teacher was observed to be within the recommended ratio of 20 to 30 students per one teacher at any time. In which it was noted that student to teachers ratio was 22:1 before this program was introduced and 24:1 after it was introduced. The slightly increase of this ratio was attributed by limited employment of new teachers in the public schools. Further, the ratio of students to class was noted to be 47:1 before the program was introduced and 52:1 after it was introduced. Since the recommended number of students per class was 40-50; the program came with increase demand of more classrooms in the visited schools. The study concluded that there was no significant changes have been brought by free fee education policy in Dar es Salaam. Therefore, the study recommended for further similar studies to be conducted in other regions. However, more classrooms should be constructed in the lower secondary schools in Dar es Salaam and other parts of the country

Morphing wing system integration with wind tunnel testing

Preserving the environment is a major challenge for today’s aviation industry. Within this context, the CRIAQ MDO 505 project started, where a multidisciplinary approach was used to improve aircraft fuel efficiency. This international project took place between several Canadian and Italian teams. Industrial teams are Bombardier Aerospace, Thales Canada and Alenia Aermacchi. The academic partners are from École de Technologie Supérieure, École Polytechnique de Montréal and Naples University. Teams from ‘CIRA’ and IAR-NRC research institutes had, also, contributed on this project. The main objective of this project is to improve the aerodynamic performance of a morphing wing prototype by reducing the drag. This drag reduction is achieved by delaying the flow transition (from laminar to turbulent) by performing shape optimization of the flexible upper skin according to different flight conditions. Four linear axes, each one actuated by a 'BLDC' motor, are used to morph the skin. The skin displacements are calculated by ‘CFD’ numerical simulation based on flow parameters which are Mach number, the angle of attack and aileron’s angle of deflection. The wing is also equipped with 32 pressure sensors to experimentally detect the transition during aerodynamic testing in the subsonic wind tunnel at the IAR-NRC in Ottawa. The first part of the work is dedicated to establishing the necessary fieldbus communications between the control system and the wing. The ‘CANopen’ protocol is implemented to ensure real time communication between the ‘BLDC’ drives and the real-time controller. The MODBUS TCP protocol is used to control the aileron drive. The second part consists of implementing the skin control position loop based on the LVDTs feedback, as well as developing an automated calibration procedure for skin displacement values. Two ‘sets’ of wind tunnel tests were carried out to, experimentally, investigate the morphing wing controller effect; these tests also offered the opportunity to validate the implemented control platform. Control and calibration results were excellent as they satisfied the desired objectives in terms of precision and robustness. The maximum static error obtained for the skin displacement control was 0.03 mm. The analysis of the pressure data and balance loads has shown that the drag was reduced for many cases among those tested. Almost 30% of the cases were optimized for drag reduction