The preparation of a Non-Desiccated Sodium Caseinate Sol and its use in ice cream

1. The body and texture of ice cream are improved by the replacement of dry skimmilk by sodium caseinate sols. This improvement was shown up to 2.5 to 5.0 percent replacement, depending on the composition of the mix. 2. The flavor of ice cream was progressively improved by the replacement of dry skimmilk by sodium caseinate sols up to 3 to 4 percent replacement, depending on the composition of the mix. 3. This flavor improvement was due to the careful pH control used in the preparation of the sodium caseinate sols. 4. The type of melting of the ice cream was altered by the replacement of dry skimmilk by sodium caseinate sols. 5. The use of sodium caseinate sols increased the initial and maximum overrun and decreased the whipping time of the ice creams produced. 6. The curves for whipping time show that from 1.5 to 3.0 percent replacement of dry skimmilk by the sodium caseinate sols is necessary to effect sufficient improvement in whip to warrant their use. A 3 percent replacement would be necessary with a mix containing 14 percent fat and 10 percent serum solids. 7. The use of sodium caseinate preparations as additional solids, i.e., in addition to the amounts of serum solids (8 to 10 percent) commonly used by the trade, has been suggested. The amounts of milk protein that would be required to yield sufficient improvement in whip and in body and texture score would, in the light of the figures presented, be large enough to make their use questionable

Radiolabelling of Corynebacterium parvum and its distribution in mice.

Corynebacterium parvum was labelled by growing live bacteria in the presence of [3H]thymidine. The bacteria were killed by formalin, washed thoroughly and resuspended at a concentration of 7 mg dry weight/ml. An activity of 1-6 X 10(5) ct/min/0-1 ml was obtained. The biological properties (inhibition of tumour growth and hepatosplenomegaly) of the labelled C. parvum were compared with those of commercially available vaccine, and were found to be similar. Labelled C. parvum was injected i.v., i.p., or s.c. into normal C57BL mice and the localization of activity determined at 4 h and 1,3,7 and 14 days after injection. After i.v. or i.p. injection, highest counts were recorded in the liver. Moderate activity was found in the spleen, lungs and small gut. After s.c. injection, the majority of radioactive label was detected at the site of injection and little found in other tissues. The distribution of injected C. parvum was also studied in mice bearing Lewis tumour, and was found to be similar to that in normal mice. Moderate amounts of labelled C. parvum were recovered from tumour. There appeared to be no relationship between the antitumour effect of C. parvum given by a particular route of injection and the concentration of C. parvum recovered from the tumour

Clinical surveillance of thrombotic microangiopathies in Scotland, 2003-2005

The prevalence, incidence and outcomes of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura (TTP) are not well established in adults or children from prospective studies. We sought to identify both outcomes and current management strategies using prospective, national surveillance of HUS and TTP, from 2003 to 2005 inclusive. We also investigated the links between these disorders and factors implicated in the aetiology of HUS and TTP including infections, chemotherapy, and immunosuppression. Most cases of HUS were caused by verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC), of which serotype O157 predominated, although other serotypes were identified. The list of predisposing factors for TTP was more varied although use of immunosuppressive agents and severe sepsis, were the most frequent precipitants. The study demonstrates that while differentiating between HUS and TTP is sometimes difficult, in most cases the two syndromes have quite different predisposing factors and clinical parameters, enabling clinical and epidemiological profiling for these disorders

The Sub-parsec Scale Radio Properties of Southern Starburst Galaxies. I. Supernova Remnants, the Supernova Rate, and the Ionised Medium in the NGC 253 Starburst

Wide-field, very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253, obtained with the Australian Long Baseline Array (LBA), have produced a 2.3 GHz image with a maximum angular resolution of 15 mas (0.3 pc). Six sources were detected, all corresponding to sources identified in higher frequency (>5 GHz) VLA images. One of the sources, supernova remnant 5.48-43.3, is resolved into a shell-like structure approximately 90 mas (1.7 pc) in diameter. From these data and data from the literature, the spectra of 20 compact radio sources in NGC 253 were modelled and found to be consistent with free-free absorbed power laws. Broadly, the free-free opacity is highest toward the nucleus but varies significantly throughout the nuclear region (tau_0 ~ 1->20), implying that the overall structure of the ionised medium is clumpy. Of the 20 sources, nine have flat intrinsic spectra associated with thermal radio emission and the remaining 11 have steep intrinsic spectra, associated with synchrotron emission from supernova remnants. A supernova rate upper limit of 2.4 yr^-1 is determined for the inner 320 pc region of the galaxy at the 95% confidence level, based on the lack of detection of new sources in observations spanning almost 17 years and a simple model for the evolution of supernova remnants. A supernova rate of >0.14 (v/10^4) yr^-1 is implied from estimates of supernova remnant source counts, sizes and expansion rates, where v is the radial expansion velocity of the supernova remnant in km s^-1. A star formation rate of 3.4 (v/10^4) < SFR(M<=5Msun) < 59 Msun yr^-1 has been estimated directly from the supernova rate limits and is of the same order of magnitude as rates determined from integrated FIR and radio luminosities.Comment: Accepted by the Astronomical Journal. 34 pages, 6 figures; fixed typos in assumed expansion velocit

Inequitable Housing Practices and Youth Internalizing Symptoms: Mediation Via Perceptions of Neighborhood Cohesion

Disordered urban environments negatively impact mental health symptoms and disorders. While many aspects of the built environment have been studied, one influence may come from inequitable, discriminatory housing practices such as redlining, blockbusting, and gentrification. The patterns of disinvestment and reinvestment that follow may be an underlying mechanism predicting poor mental health. In this study, we examine pathways between such practices and internalizing symptoms (i.e., anxiety and depression) among a sample of African American youth in Baltimore, Maryland, considering moderation and mediation pathways including neighborhood social cohesion and sex. In our direct models, the inequitable housing practices were not significant predictors of social cohesion. In our sex moderation model, however, we find negative influences on social cohesion: for girls from gentrification, and for boys from blockbusting. Our moderated mediation model shows that girls in gentrifying neighborhoods who experience lower social cohesion have higher levels of internalizing symptoms. Likewise for boys, living in a formerly blockbusted neighborhood generates poorer social cohesion, which in turn drives higher rates of internalizing symptoms. A key implication of this work is that, in addition to standard measures of the contemporary built environment, considering other invisible patterns related to discriminatory and inequitable housing practices is important in understanding the types of neighborhoods where anxiety and depression are more prevalent. And while some recent work has discussed the importance of considering phenomena like redlining in considering long-term trajectories of neighborhoods, other patterns such as blockbusting and gentrification may be equally important