How Indonesia's monetary policy affects key variables

The objective of this paper is to examine the determination of interest rates, inflation and nominal exchange rates in Indonesia, and investigate the role of monetary policy in affecting these variables. In the short term, monetary policy can be used to protect domestic interest rates from the destabilizing influence of speculative capital flight. In the long run, monetary policy can help lower domestic nominal interest rates by maintaining low inflation and dampening expectation about depreciation. The potential for reducing interest rates through monetary expansion is limited. Domestic inflation is partly a monetary phenomenon but structural factors also affect it. The effects of international inflation are immediate and strong; the effects of wage pushes are smaller and less immediate. Inflation can be reduced to some extent by slowing the growth of money - which strengthens the secondary influence of a slower crawling exchange rate. A managed float is appropriate for maintaining a competitive exchange rate, given the gap between world and domestic inflation caused by structural and monetary factors. Real depreciation of the exchange rate will be necessary to compensate for unanticipated decline in oil income (from lower than expected oil prices).Economic Theory&Research,Economic Stabilization,Environmental Economics&Policies,Macroeconomic Management,Banks&Banking Reform

From Switzerland to New Zealand: Around the world in 13 cases

Justice Edmonds is well known for his decisions which involve questions of law relating to Pt IVA of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cth), capital gains tax, the goods and services tax and taxation of the not-for-profit sector. As such, there is no doubt that cases determining principles of international tax law are the lesser known of Justice Edmonds’ judgments. Despite this, their significance and influence cannot be underestimated. As with any grouping of international tax cases, common themes emerge. In this instance, Justice Edmonds’ influence on treaty interpretation as well as on issues of residence, source and jurisdiction to tax becomes apparent. His influence in decisions relating to Pt IVA also incorporated aspects of international tax, as did several cases relating to capital gains tax. In this article, we explore the influence Justice Edmonds has had in this important area of tax law and policy

Effect of Chromium (VI) on the Oxidation of Methylene Blue Dye by Fe3O4/ Chitosan Composite

لا تزال إزالة ايونات المعادن الثقيلة من أنظمة معالجة مياه الصرف الصناعي صعبة لأنها تحتوي على ملوثات عضوية. في هذه الدراسة، تم استخدام الهلاميات المائية المركبة الوظيفية مع نشاط تفاعل فنتون لتحلل الملوثات العضوية. تشكل جزيئات أوكسيد الحديد الثلاثي والكيتوسان والمواد الأخرى الهيدروجيل. العوامل المحتلفة التي أثرت على نشاط فنتون الضوئي. تشمل الأس الهيدروجيني وتركيز بيروكسيد الهيدروجين ودرجة الحرارة وفترة التعرض. تم استخدام مجهر القوة الذرية (AFM) لفحص مورفولوجيا المركب ومتوسط قطره. وجد انه بعد  60 دقيقة  من التعرض للأشعة الفوق البنفسجية، تسبب المتراكب المحضر في تدهور صبغة المثيل الأزرق بنسبة  92%  في غضون ذلك، بعد ساعة واحدة من الإشعاع، انخفضت نسبة الطلب على الأوكسجين  (COD)لتحطيم المحتوى الكاربوني إلى   6.1  ملغم/لتر .                                                                                                      Heavy metal ion removal from industrial wastewater treatment systems is still difficult because it contains organic contaminants. In this study, functional composite hydrogels with photo Fenton reaction activity were used to decompose organic contaminants. Fe3O4 Nanoparticle, chitosan (CS), and other materials make up the hydrogel. There are different factors that affected Photo-Fenton activity including (pH, H2O2 conc., temp., and exposure period). Atomic force microscopy was used to examine the morphology of the composite and its average diameter (AFM). After 60 minutes of exposure to UV radiation, CS/ Fe3O4 hydrogel composite had degraded methylene blue (M.B.) dye by 92 percent. In the meantime, following an 1hour of visible irradiation, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) dropped to 6.1 mg/l

User interface design for mobile-based sexual health interventions for young people: Design recommendations from a qualitative study on an online Chlamydia clinical care pathway

Background: The increasing pervasiveness of mobile technologies has given potential to transform healthcare by facilitating clinical management using software applications. These technologies may provide valuable tools in sexual health care and potentially overcome existing practical and cultural barriers to routine testing for sexually transmitted infections. In order to inform the design of a mobile health application for STIs that supports self-testing and self-management by linking diagnosis with online care pathways, we aimed to identify the dimensions and range of preferences for user interface design features among young people. Methods: Nine focus group discussions were conducted (n=49) with two age-stratified samples (16 to 18 and 19 to 24 year olds) of young people from Further Education colleges and Higher Education establishments. Discussions explored young people's views with regard to: the software interface; the presentation of information; and the ordering of interaction steps. Discussions were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Four over-arching themes emerged: privacy and security; credibility; user journey support; and the task-technology-context fit. From these themes, 20 user interface design recommendations for mobile health applications are proposed. For participants, although privacy was a major concern, security was not perceived as a major potential barrier as participants were generally unaware of potential security threats and inherently trusted new technology. Customisation also emerged as a key design preference to increase attractiveness and acceptability. Conclusions: Considerable effort should be focused on designing healthcare applications from the patient's perspective to maximise acceptability. The design recommendations proposed in this paper provide a valuable point of reference for the health design community to inform development of mobile-based health interventions for the diagnosis and treatment of a number of other conditions for this target group, while stimulating conversation across multidisciplinary communities

Bounds on R-parity violating SUSY Yukawa couplings from semileptonic decays of baryons

We consider tree-level corrections to hypercharge changing semileptonic decays of certain baryons induced by a minimal supersymmetric standard model with explicitly broken R-parity via $L$-violation. This study leads to a new set of constraints on the products of couplings arising from the LQd$^c$ operator of the superpotential.Comment: Latex (8 pages), no figur

Evaluation of gingival biotype and recession following non-surgical periodontal treatment using 3-dimensional scan methods

The study evaluated the position of gingival margins in anterior teeth using clinical and 3-dimensional (3D) optical scanning method among patients subjected to nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). A single arm, longitudinal study was undertaken at the Archway Dental Center, University of Manchester, UK. History and clinical examination were done. Gingival recession, attachment loss (AL), and periodontal probing depth (PD) were recorded at baseline and 12-weeks follow-up. NSPT was done using hand and ultrasonic instruments. Impressions were made, the resultant gypsum models were scanned to generate 3D images. The change in the gingival level and thickness of facial gingiva were assessed. Out of eight patients recruited, three were lost to follow up. The 3D scan showed a poor correlation with the clinical assessment of gingival recession in anterior teeth following NSPT (r=-0.0089). Recession did not improve after NSPT (p≤ 0.20)

Kinetic characterization of the critical step in HIV-1 protease maturation

HIV maturation requires multiple cleavage of long polyprotein chains into functional proteins that include the viral protease itself. Initial cleavage by the protease dimer occurs from within these precursors, and yet only a single protease monomer is embedded in each polyprotein chain. Self-activation has been proposed to start from a partially dimerized protease formed from monomers of different chains binding its own N termini by self-association to the active site, but a complete structural understanding of this critical step in HIV maturation is missing. Here, we captured the critical self-association of immature HIV-1 protease to its extended amino-terminal recognition motif using large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, thus confirming the postulated intramolecular mechanism in atomic detail. We show that self-association to a catalytically viable state requires structural cooperativity of the flexible β-hairpin “flap” regions of the enzyme and that the major transition pathway is first via self-association in the semiopen/open enzyme states, followed by enzyme conformational transition into a catalytically viable closed state. Furthermore, partial N-terminal threading can play a role in self-association, whereas wide opening of the flaps in concert with self-association is not observed. We estimate the association rate constant (k(on)) to be on the order of ∼1 × 10(4) s(−1), suggesting that N-terminal self-association is not the rate-limiting step in the process. The shown mechanism also provides an interesting example of molecular conformational transitions along the association pathway