Genomic aberrations in normal tissue adjacent to HER2-amplified breast cancers: field cancerization or contaminating tumor cells?

Field cancerization effects as well as isolated tumor cell foci extending well beyond the invasive tumor margin have been described previously to account for local recurrence rates following breast conserving surgery despite adequate surgical margins and breast radiotherapy. To look for evidence of possible tumor cell contamination or field cancerization by genetic effects, a pilot study (Study 1: 12 sample pairs) followed by a verification study (Study 2: 20 sample pairs) were performed on DNA extracted from HER2-positive breast tumors and matching normal adjacent mammary tissue samples excised 1-3 cm beyond the invasive tumor margin. High-resolution molecular inversion probe (MIP) arrays were used to compare genomic copy number variations, including increased HER2 gene copies, between the paired samples; as well, a detailed histologic and immunohistochemical (IHC) re-evaluation of all Study 2 samples was performed blinded to the genomic results to characterize the adjacent normal tissue composition bracketing the DNA-extracted samples. Overall, 14/32 (44 %) sample pairs from both studies produced genome-wide evidence of genetic aberrations including HER2 copy number gains within the adjacent normal tissue samples. The observed single-parental origin of monoallelic HER2 amplicon haplotypes shared by informative tumor-normal pairs, as well as commonly gained loci elsewhere on 17q, suggested the presence of contaminating tumor cells in the genomically aberrant normal samples. Histologic and IHC analyses identified occult 25-200 μm tumor cell clusters overexpressing HER2 scattered in more than half, but not all, of the genomically aberrant normal samples re-evaluated, but in none of the genomically normal samples. These genomic and microscopic findings support the conclusion that tumor cell contamination rather than genetic field cancerization represents the likeliest cause of local clinical recurrence rates following breast conserving surgery, and mandate caution in assuming the genomic normalcy of histologically benign appearing peritumor breast tissue

Enabling Mainframe Assets to Services for SOA

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a mechanism for achieving interoperability between heterogeneous systems. SOA enables existing legacy systems to expose their functionality as services, without making significant changes to the legacy systems. Migration towards a service-oriented approach (SOA) not only standardizes interaction, but also allows for more flexibility in the existing process. Web services technology is an ideal technology choice for implementing a SOA. Web services can be implemented in any programming language. The functionality of Web services range from simple request-reply to full business process. These services can be newly developed applications or just wrapper program for existing business functions to be network-enabled. The strategy is to form a framework to integrate z/OS assets in distributed environment using SOA approach, to enable optimal business agility and flexibility. Mainframe applications run the business and contain critical business logic that is unique, difficult, and costly to replicate. Enabling existing applications allows reusing critical business assets and leveraging the assets as a service to be invoked in heterogeneous environment

GA For Optimal PI in DC Voltage Regulation of D-STATCOM.

The performance of DSTATCOM depends on a DC capacitor voltage regulation.The regulation of DC capacitor voltage based on optimal PI coefficients. The conventional method to determine PI coefficients is trial and error method. In this paper Genetic Alogorithem is applied for exact calculation of optimized PI coefficients can carried out to reduce disturbances in DC link voltage. Optimizations and simulations are worked out in MATLAB environment. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v1i2.9

Secondary Analysis of NCD Risk Factors in Northeast India: Insights from the National Cancer Registry Program

Background: The Northeastern Region (NER) of India faces a high cumulative cancer risk, with elevated incidence and mortality rates reported by the National Cancer Registry Program (NCRP). Population-Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs) are crucial in providing essential cancer data for the region. Aims: The study aimed to analyze the distribution of major cancer-associated behavioural and metabolic risk factors at the population level. Its purpose was to support PBCRs in developing a cancer risk factor surveillance program. Methodology: This study adapted the National NCD Monitoring Study (NNMS) cross-sectional, multistage cluster random sampling method, tailoring it to the unique cancer profile of 12 PBCR areas across eight NER states. Results: The survey achieved a 97% response rate. Current tobacco use prevalence (smoke or smokeless) was 45.7% (95% CI: 40.7-50.7), higher in men (61.8%) than women (28.0%). Current alcohol use was 22.3% overall, with men (35.2%) and urban areas (28.7%) showing higher prevalence. Insufficient physical activity was reported by 43.7% in urban areas and 52.5% in women. Conclusion: Insights from the study will aid policymakers in addressing the rising cancer burden through multipronged approaches, including behaviour modification and communication campaigns, to develop locally relevant preventive strategies

A Comprehensive Review of Approaches, Methods, and Challenges and Applications in Sentiment Analysis

The rapid growth of Internet-based applications like social media platforms and blogs has resulted in comments and reviews regarding everyday routines. The process of collecting and analyzing people's opinions, thoughts, and impressions concerning various topics, products, subjects, and services are known as sentiment analysis. People's opinions can help corporations, governments, and individuals obtain information and make decisions based on those opinions. However, the sentiment analysis and evaluation procedure are full of challenges. These hardships make it challenging to accurately interpret sentiments and figure out the appropriate sentiment polarity. Sentiment analysis employs natural language processing and text mining to recognize and extract subjective information from text. This article offers a thorough explanation of the method for completing this task as well as sentiment analysis applications. Then, to fully comprehend the benefits and drawbacks of each method, it assesses, contrasts, and investigates them. To define future directions, the difficulties of sentiment analysis are finally examined

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF MASS FLOW RATES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FLAT-PLATE SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM USING CuO/WATER NANOFLUID

One of the effective ways of increasing the efficiency of flat plate solar collector is to utilize nanofluids which are having high thermal conductivity. In the present study, an attempt is made to investigate the effect of mass flow rates on the performance of flat plate solar collector using CuO/water nanofluid. The experimental set up consists of flat plate solar collector; storage tank and ladder type heat exchanger. The instantaneous efficiency of solar collector is calculated by taking lower volume fraction of 0.01% with average particle size of 30 nm and varying the flow rate from 1 lpm to 3 lpm, as per ASHRAE standard, with and without Triton X-100 surfactant. The experimental results reveal that utilizing the nanofluid with mass flow rate at 1.5 lpm increases the collector efficiency by 19.7%.Â

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF BILAYERED TABLETS OF MONTELUKAST AND LEVOCETRIZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE USING NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

The objective of present work was to formulate and evaluate bilayered tablets of Levocetrzine and Montelukast for treating allergic rhinitis effectively. Anti-allergic medicines (eg, some antihistamines) can cause adverse events such as somnolence and sedation. The Combining Montelukast with Levocetirizine gives additional benefits in comparison with either drug alone and could be considered for patients whose quality of life is impaired by persistent allergic rhinitis. Montelukast sodium is alkaline stable (bioavailability 64%), most of drug being absorbed from the intestine while Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride is acid stable. When tablets of the combination of these are  prepared, they tend to become unstable during the shelf life of the formulation. Hence it is recommended to prepare a bilayer tablet, by formulating Montelukast in sustained release layer and Levocetrizine as immediate release layer as it improves and increases the stability by reducing the acid base interactions of both the drugs in combination there by increasing the bioavailability. Taking this into account different formulations were prepared by wet granulation method using natural Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide and synthetic HPMCK100,K15M and K4M release rate controlling hydrophilic polymers. The formulations were evaluated for hardness, weight variation, friability, swelling index and drug content uniformity. The in vitro release of drug from the formulations was studied in pH 1.2 acidic buffer and pH 7.4 phosphate buffer, and it was found that the prepared tablets were able to sustain the release of the drug upto 12hours. The release of Montelukast and Levocetrizine of both layers from the tablets was found to be diffusion controlled and the release mechanism was non-Fickian based on the n value of Korsmeyer-peppas plot. The FTIR studies were performed on three optimized formulations (F4, F12, F16) and the plain drug controls(Levocetrizine,Montelukast).From the  observed peaks it is evident that the polymers used and the drugs were  found to be mutually compatible chemically. The Pharmacokinetic Studies were performed in two groups of male wistar rats. One group was administered with the optimized formulation containing tamarind Seed Polysaccharide(F12) while Plain Montelukast oral suspension acted as control in the second group.The results indicate that the formulation optimised with 1:4(drug:TSP) was able to sustain the release of montelukast upto 12hours.Insrease in Tmax and AUC(0-α) also were also observed in the studies indicating efficient sustained action and improved bioavailability of the drug. The formulated bilayered tablets using natural polymers provided immediate release of Levocetrizine and sustained release of Montelukast and therefore hold promise as an alternative dosage form in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Key words: Tamarind Seed Polysacharide, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose,  Bilayered tablets