A Study of Encryption Algorithms AES, DES and RSA for Security

In recent years network security has become an important issue Encryption has come up as a solution and plays an important role in information security system Many techniques are needed to protect the shared data The present work focus on cryptography to secure the data while transmitting in the network Firstly the data which is to be transmitted from sender to receiver in the network must be encrypted using the encryption algorithm in cryptography Secondly by using decryption technique the receiver can view the original data In this paper we implemented three encrypt techniques like AES DES and RSA algorithms and compared their performance of encrypt techniques based on the analysis of its stimulated time at the time of encryption and decryption Experiments results are given to analyses the effectiveness of each algorith

COCrIP: Compliant OmniCrawler In-pipeline Robot

This paper presents a modular in-pipeline climbing robot with a novel compliant foldable OmniCrawler mechanism. The circular cross-section of the OmniCrawler module enables a holonomic motion to facilitate the alignment of the robot in the direction of bends. Additionally, the crawler mechanism provides a fair amount of traction, even on slippery surfaces. These advantages of crawler modules have been further supplemented by incorporating active compliance in the module itself which helps to negotiate sharp bends in small diameter pipes. The robot has a series of 3 such compliant foldable modules interconnected by the links via passive joints. For the desirable pipe diameter and curvature of the bends, the spring stiffness value for each passive joint is determined by formulating a constrained optimization problem using the quasi-static model of the robot. Moreover, a minimum friction coefficient value between the module-pipe surface which can be vertically climbed by the robot without slipping is estimated. The numerical simulation results have further been validated by experiments on real robot prototype

Design and optimal springs stiffness estimation of a Modular OmniCrawler in-pipe climbing Robot

This paper discusses the design of a novel compliant in-pipe climbing modular robot for small diameter pipes. The robot consists of a kinematic chain of 3 OmniCrawler modules with a link connected in between 2 adjacent modules via compliant joints. While the tank-like crawler mechanism provides good traction on low friction surfaces, its circular cross-section makes it holonomic. The holonomic motion assists it to re-align in a direction to avoid obstacles during motion as well as overcome turns with a minimal energy posture. Additionally, the modularity enables it to negotiate T-junction without motion singularity. The compliance is realized using 4 torsion springs incorporated in joints joining 3 modules with 2 links. For a desirable pipe diameter (\text{\O} 75mm), the springs' stiffness values are obtained by formulating a constraint optimization problem which has been simulated in ADAMS MSC and further validated on a real robot prototype. In order to negotiate smooth vertical bends and friction coefficient variations in pipes, the design was later modified by replacing springs with series elastic actuators (SEA) at 2 of the 4 joints.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1704.0681

Malnutrition and central retinal vein occlusion in a young man

Can vitamin B12 and folate deficiency cause central retinal vein occlusion? We conducted a literature search to find out whether nutritional deficiency of vitamin B12 and folate can lead to impaired vision. The patient in the article reported in Ophthalmology, department of MMIMSR, Haryana, India, with complain of gradual painless visual loss over six weeks. He was found to have unilateral central retinal vein occlusion with significant anemia and vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency can lead to elevated levels of homocysteine. We found a large amount of published data relating central retinal vein occlusion to elevated homocysteine levels, but there was a lack of conclusive evidence for this association Patients should be asked about their dietary history where a thrombotic event is suspected or confirmed

Prevalence of refractive errors among school children of 6-12-years of age group and reason for not using spectacles even after correction

Background: As your eyes are one of the most important organ in the human body and vision is one of the most wonderful gift. But often many people neglect the importance of eye care and do not pay proper attention towards eye care. An estimated 180 million people world- wide are visibly disabled, of whom nearly 45 million are blind, four out of five of them live in developing countries. Blindness is one of the most significant social problems in India with uncorrected refractive errors as the second major cause accounting for 19.7% of blindness and low vision. Refractive error is an optical defect, intrinsic to the eye which prevents light from being brought to a single point focus on the retina, thus reducing normal vision. Diagnosis and treatment of refractive errors is relatively simple and is one of the easiest ways to reduce impaired vision. Three main types are considered as refractive errors: hypermetropia (farsightedness), myopia (nearsightedness) and astigmatism.Methods: This study was conducted in various schools of Haryana. It included 1000 school going children of age group of 6 to 12 years enrolled in 6 rural schools (619 students) and 4 urban schools (381 students). Cases were defined is visual acuity <6/6 without spectacles. Details regarding socio-demographic factors and visual examination were noted in detail, follow up with children and their parents were conducted to know the reasons for not using spectacles even after correction.Results: The study which included 620 students from rural schools and 380 students from urban schools revealed that prevalence of refractive errors was 7.0% in which Myopia is the most common refractive error 44(61.9%) followed by the astigmatism 16(24.1%) and Hypermetropia (14%) among the children with Refractive Errors.Conclusions: Now a day, refractive error is increasing due to edu-comp smart classes in school or use of laptops, TV viewing and computers or mobiles and if not diagnosed earlier and not managed timely can lead to complication like amblyopic and strabismus and some other ocular pathologies etc

To study the correlation of mean macular thickness using optical coherence tomography with distant and near visual acuity in patients of diabetic maculopathy

Background: to study the correlation of mean macular thickness using optical coherence tomography with distant and near visual acuity in patients of diabetic maculopathy.Methods: A prospective, single centre study was conducted on 50 eyes of diabetic patients, with Diabetic Retinopathy with CSME in which patients macular thickness was measured on Ocular Coherence Tomography using fast macular thickness scan. The unaided and best corrected visual acuity was measured in all patients using Snellens distant vision and Jaggers near vision charts.Results: A linear correlation between the OCT measured macular thickness and both the distance visual acuity and the near visual acuity. That means that for a given level of macular thickness, we can predict visual acuity for it. In our series correlation coefficient was 0.921 for distance visual acuity and 0.899 for near visual acuity. Although the correlation value is high in our study, we did find a range of visual acuities for a given range of macular thickness. For every 100 micron change in mean macular thickness, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) changed 0.3 LogMAR units, for distance as well as for near.Conclusions: Macular thickness and visual acuities (distance as well as near) are strongly correlated but there can be variations. And a wide range of visual acuities is possible for a given degree of macular edema. Macular thickness though a strong predictor of visual acuity; other factors might also play a role in determining visual acuity for a particular patient

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural population of Mullana, district Ambala, Haryana, India

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major cause of avoidable blindness in developing and developed countries. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF)’s Diabetes Atlas reports that India has the highest number of people with diabetes (nearly 25%) in the world, and hence considered to be the “Diabetes Capital of the World”.Methods: This is a hospital record based study was planned to estimate the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in various age groups in rural population of Mullana, District Ambala(Haryana).Results: Out of 1050 patients screened 50 were found to be having Diabetes mellitus (DM) 1000 were non-diabetic i.e. prevalence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) was found to be 4.76%. Out of 362 males screened 22 were suffering from Diabetes mellitus (DM) i.e. prevalence of 6.07%. Whereas out of 688 females screened 28 were suffering from Diabetes mellitus (DM) i.e. prevalence of 4.06%. Prevalence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) in males was found to be maximum in age group of more than 70 years i.e. 6.97% as compare to female i.e.5.29%.Conclusions: Thus, the current study recorded high prevalence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) among rural population which should be a cause of concern for health care providers.

Preoperative pain associated with peribulbar injection for cataract surgery

Background: Patients admitted for cataract surgery have a fear of worst pain due to peribulbar injection for anaesthesia rather than surgery itself. The aim of this study is to find out the threshold of pain associated with the anaesthetic peribulbar injection for cataract surgery.Methods: This prospective randomised study was carried out at Ophthalmology department of Maharishi Markandeshwar University from 10 January 2017 to 22 March 2017. 100 patients undergoing elective cataract surgery were administered a peribulbar block. Before injection all patients were briefed about the procedure and counselled regarding the degree of pain that they may experience. Patients were asked to grade the pain of peribulbar anaesthetic injection, using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).Results: Focus of the study was on the degree of pain associated with anaesthetic peribulbar injection for cataract surgery. 100 patients (60 males and 40 females) were included in the study. 90 (90%) patients were having their first surgery, they were more apprehensive especially about the injection associated pain. 10 (10%) patients with history of previous cataract surgery were calm, confident and claimed that they felt no pain at all. 92 (92%) patients had just needle prick lead to heaviness or mild pain. Only small percentage of patients i.e. 8 (8%) had injection associated moderate to severe pain.Conclusions: The study revealed that the peribulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery is safe and highly effective. The degree of pain associated with peribulbar injection is much less than what the patients actually have in their mind and fear of. The study also shows ‘pain threshold’ and anxiety level as major factors for pain perception