Schematic representation of the proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry.

<p>The procedure includes overexpression of His-myc-dysferlin in HEK293T cells, purification on protein A-Sepharose beads coupled to anti-myc antibody, incubation of the myc-dysferlin beads with mouse skeletal muscle homogenate and the identification of the co-purified proteins using LC-MS/MS.</p

Dysferlin complexes with alpha-tubulin.

<p><b>A.</b> GST, GST-TubA4A and GST-TubA1B fusion proteins immobilized onto glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads were incubated with mouse skeletal muscle homogenate. GST, GST-TubA4A or GST-TubA1B with adsorbed proteins from mouse skeletal muscle were resolved by SDS-PAGE, transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane, and blotted with mouse monoclonal anti-dysferlin antibody. Left panel: nitrocellulose membrane stained with ponceau red, right panel: detection of immunoreactive dysferlin. <b>B.</b> GFP-dysferlin was overexpressed in HEK293T cells and then immunoprecipitated from cell extracts with anti-GFP antibody. As a control, protein A-Sepharose beads coated with anti-GFP antibody were incubated with extracts of non-transfected HEK293T cells. Proteins were separated on SDS-PAGE gel and were transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane and blotted with anti-GFP or anti-alpha-tubulin antibodies. Input (right panel), immunoprecipitate (left panel). <b>C–D.</b> Co-immunoprecipitation of dysferlin with anti-alpha-tubulin antibody from C2C12 myotube extracts (<b>C</b>) or mouse skeletal muscle homogenate (<b>D</b>). Input (right panel), immunoprecipitate (left panel). As a control (CTL), protein A-Sepharose beads were incubated with myotube extracts in the absence of anti-alpha-tubulin antibody.</p

Alpha-tubulin co-localizes with dysferlin.

<p>GFP-dysferlin was expressed in C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes. The localization of GFP-dysferlin was compared to that of endogenous alpha-tubulin stained with anti-alpha-tubulin antibody by confocal microscopy. The co-localization of dysferlin with alpha-tubulin is revealed in the merged image. Arrowheads point to areas of co-localization. <i>Scale bar</i> represents 10 µm.</p

Alpha-tubulin interacts with dysferlin through the C2A and C2B domains.

<p><b>A.</b> Schematic illustration of full-length wild type dysferlin and the various GST-C2 domain constructs used. <b>B.</b> C2C12 myoblast extract was incubated with GST alone or with the various GST-C2 domains precoupled to glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads. The bound proteins were separated on SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot analysis using anti-alpha-tubulin antibody. SM: standard material. Lower panel: nitrocellulose membrane of GST-dysferlin C2 domains with adsorbed proteins from the cell extract stained with ponceau red.</p

Dysferlin binds to microtubules.

<p>His-myc-dysferlin purified on Ni-NTA beads was incubated with polymerized microtubules. Reactions were resolved by SDS-PAGE stained with SimplyBlue SafeStain. Arrows point to His-myc-dysferlin, tubulin, BSA, and to MAP1&MAP2 of the microtubule-associated protein fraction (MAPF), which includes MAP2A, MAP2B, MAP1 and tau. S: Soluble phase, P: Pellet. Lane 1: Microtubules alone, lane 2: Microtubules incubated with MAPF, lane 3: Microtubules incubated with BSA, lane 4: MAPF alone, lane 5: BSA alone, lane 6: Purified His-myc-dysferlin alone, lane 7: Microtubules incubated with purified His-myc-dysferlin.</p

Alpha-tubulin interacts with dysferlin in a calcium-independent manner.

<p><b>A.</b> Upper panel: Myoblast cell extracts were incubated with GST alone or the various GST-dysferlin C2 domain fusion proteins precoupled to glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads in the absence (−) or presence (+) of 1 mM calcium. The bound proteins were separated on SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot analysis using anti-alpha-tubulin antibody. Lower panel: nitrocellulose membrane of GST-dysferlin C2 domains with adsorbed proteins from the cell extract stained with ponceau red. <b>B.</b> Co-immunoprecipitation of alpha-tubulin and dysferlin with anti-alpha-tubulin antibody from mouse skeletal muscle homogenate in the presence of increasing calcium concentrations. Proteins were separated and detected with anti-alpha-tubulin and anti-dysferlin antibodies. As a control (CTL), protein A-Sepharose beads were incubated with muscle homogenate in the absence of anti-alpha-tubulin antibody.</p

Alpha-tubulin is identified as a dysferlin interacting protein through affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis.

<p><b>A.</b> Western blot to detect the expression of His-myc-dysferlin in transfected HEK293T cells (top panel), the immunoprecipitated myc-dysferlin (middle panel) and expression of endogenous dysferlin in mouse skeletal muscle homogenate (bottom panel). <b>B.</b> SDS-PAGE resolution of the co-purified dysferlin partner stained with silver nitrate. Left lane is the control, whereby His-myc-dysferlin was not transfected into HEK293T cells. Right lane is the immunoprecipitate with myc-dysferlin. Bands containing alpha-tubulin and previously described dysferlin binding partners are highlighted. IB: Immunoblot, IP: Immunoprecipitation, CTL: control.</p

Transition and beyond: essays in honor of Mario Nuti

This book covers a wide variety of aspects of transition in Central and Southeast Europe and the CIS, including the socialist legacy, privatization and growth, skills, and banking reforms. It also covers the evolution of the global economy beyond transition, looking at complexity, risk management, the optimal transition path, and globalizatio