Macrophage-infectivity potentiator of Trypanosoma cruzi (TcMIP) is a new pro-type 1 immuno-stimulating protein for neonatal human cells and vaccines in mice.

peer reviewedThis work identifies the protein "macrophage infectivity potentiator" of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes, as supporting a new property, namely a pro-type 1 immunostimulatory activity on neonatal cells. In its recombinant form (rTcMIP), this protein triggers the secretion of the chemokines CCL2 and CCL3 by human umbilical cord blood cells from healthy newborns, after 24h in vitro culture. Further stimulation for 72h results in secretion of IFN-γ, provided cultures are supplemented with IL-2 and IL-18. rTcMIP activity is totally abolished by protease treatment and is not associated with its peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase enzymatic activity. The ability of rTcMIP to act as adjuvant was studied in vivo in neonatal mouse immunization models, using acellular diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-vaccine (DTPa) or ovalbumin, and compared to the classical alum adjuvant. As compared to the latter, rTcMIP increases the IgG antibody response towards several antigens meanwhile skewing antibody production towards the Th-1 dependent IgG2a isotype. The amplitude of the rTcMIP adjuvant effect varied depending on the antigen and the co-presence of alum. rTcMIP did by contrast not increase the IgE response to OVA combined with alum. The discovery of the rTcMIP immunostimulatory effect on neonatal cells opens new possibilities for potential use as pro-type 1 adjuvant for neonatal vaccines. This, in turn, may facilitate the development of more efficient vaccines that can be given at birth, reducing infection associated morbidity and mortality which are the highest in the first weeks after birth

Caractérisation des sites d'entrées interne des ribosomes dans l'ARNm c-myc et identification des facteurs nécessaires à leur activité

RESUMELe proto-oncogène c-myc code pour un facteur de transcription qui est impliqué dans de multiples processus cellulaires tels que la prolifération, la différenciation et l’apoptose. Une dérégulation de son expression suite à des altérations génétiques (mutation, translocation, amplification) est retrouvée dans plusieurs tumeurs telles que le lymphome de Burkitt, des plasmacytomes murins ainsi que des tumeurs non-lymphoïdes.c-myc est un gène dont l’expression est régulée à différents niveaux. Chez l’homme, le gène c-myc est transcrit à partir de quatre promoteurs alternatifs appelés respectivement P0, P1, P2 et P3. P1 et P2 sont les deux promoteurs les plus utilisés. Ensemble, ils permettent de former 90% des transcrits c-myc dans des cellules normales. Les promoteurs P0, P1 et P2 permettent la transcription de trois ARNms qui comportent deux codons d’initiation de la traduction (un CUG et un AUG). L’utilisation alternative de ces deux codons d’initiation est à l’origine de la synthèse de deux protéines (c-Myc 1 et c-Myc 2) ayant à la fois des fonctions identiques et distinctes. La grande taille des parties 5’ non-traduites ainsi que la présence dans celles-ci de phases ouvertes de lecture sont des éléments défavorables à la traduction de l’ORF codant pour les protéines Myc par un mécanisme classique d’initiation de la traduction. Notre laboratoire avait précisément montré que les protéines c-Myc sont synthétisées par un processus d’initiation interne de la traduction. Les ARNms dont l’initiation de la traduction s’effectue par entrée interne des ribosomes présentent une structure spécifique appelée IRES (Internal Ribosome Entry Site). Cette structure permet la fixation du ribosome directement à proximité du codon d’initiation. Dans le cas des ARNms c-myc, on retrouve une IRES se situant en amont des codons CUG et AUG qui permet la synthèse des protéines c-Myc1 et 2 respectivement. Un tel mécanisme permet la synthèse des protéines c-Myc dans des conditions où toute traduction dépendante de la coiffe est inhibée (mitose, apoptose).Au cours de mon travail, tout d’abord j’ai montré qu’une séquence de 40 nt dans les transcrits P2 permet à elle seule une initiation interne efficace de la traduction. Nous avons déterminé aussi que cette séquence, appelée B4, est active dans quatre types cellulaires différents avec une efficacité variable et qu’elle active la traduction indépendamment de l’ORF placée en aval. D’autre part, il a été déterminé que la séquence B4 recrute le complexe de préinitiation 43S, qui ensuite scanne le messager jusqu’aux codons initiateurs comme c’est le cas de l’IRES du rhinovirus. Une analyse plus détaillée de la séquence B4 a permis d’identifier trois plus petites séquences de plus ou moins 14 nt (Ti1, Boucle, Ti2), qui indépendamment l’une de l’autre permettent une entrée interne des ribosomes. Il a été déterminé que la présence du motif A-N6-AC dans la séquence de Ti2 était importante pour l’activité IRES de celle-ci. Cependant, ce même motif également présent dans la séquence Ti1 n’est pas essentiel à l’activité IRES de Ti1. Par la suite, nous avons démontré que l’IRES de c-myc nécessite pour son activité un évènement nucléaire. Nous avons donc entrepris la recherche de facteurs cellulaires impliqués dans l’activité de l’IRES de c-myc. Dans un premier temps, nous avons exclu le rôle de certaines protéines connues pour activer d’autres IRES dont le mécanisme de recrutement du complexe de préinitiation est similaire. Ainsi, nous avons montré, par des expériences de complémentation d’un RRL, que les protéines PTB et unr connues pour activer l’IRES du rhinovirus ne contribuent pas à l’activité de l’IRES de c-myc. De plus, la complémentation de RRL avec des extraits S10 ou nucléaires de cellules HeLa n’a pas permis d’identifier des protéines impliquées dans l’activité IRES de c-myc.D’autre part, des méthodes alternatives d’interaction d’ARN et de protéine comme le triple hybride ou la chromatographie d’affinité d’ARN n’a pas permis dans un premier temps de détecter une interaction entre un facteur non canonique et l’IRES de c-myc. Dès lors, l’existence de facteurs cellulaires impliqués dans l’activité de l’IRES de c-myc reste à déterminer.Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaireinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Evaluation of benznidazole treatment combined with nifurtimox, posaconazole or AmBisome® in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi strains.

The present work aimed to investigate the curative effect of benznidazole (BZL) in combination with other patented drugs [nifurtimox (NFX), posaconazole (POS) or AmBisome(®) (AMB)] in mice acutely or chronically infected with either a BZL-susceptible (Tulahuen) or a BZL-partially-resistant (Y) strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. To appreciate the eventual advantage of such combinations, infected mice were treated for short durations (non-curative) of each individual treatment. Cure rates were determined by investigating blood parasites (microscopic examination) and parasite DNA (quantitative PCR) after submitting treated mice to immune suppression with cyclophosphamide. The results mainly suggest that shorter durations of treatment combining BZL and POS or NFX might cure mice acutely or chronically infected with the Tulahuen strain, whereas the combination of BZL with AMB does not have such an effect. Moreover, the association BZL+POS does not improve the curative effect of POS (all used for shorter durations) in infection with the Y strain. Shortening the duration of treatment whilst keeping a complete curative effect deserves interest in limiting adverse reactions due to dose-cumulative toxic effects of long treatment. Genotyping of the T. cruzi strain(s) infecting patients might also allow a better adaptation of individual therapeutic schedules, improving both the efficiency and safety of trypanocidal treatment. This preliminary experimental study should encourage further investigations to find the best combination of adequate drug concentrations and timing of treatment.Comparative StudyJournal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Fertility, gestation outcome and parasite congenital transmissibility in mice infected with TcI, TcII and TcVI genotypes of Trypanosoma cruzi.

This work aims to compare the effects of acute or chronic infections with the T. cruzi genotypes TcI (X10 strain), TcII (Y strain) and TcVI (Tulahuen strain) on fertility, gestation, pup growth and the possible vertical transmission of parasites in BALB/c mice. The occurrence of congenital infection was evaluated by microscopic examination of blood and/or qPCR on blood and heart in newborn pups and/or older offspring submitted to cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in order to detect possible cryptic congenital infection. Altogether, the results show that: i) for the three strains tested, acute infection occurring after the embryo implantation in the uterus (parasite inoculation 4 days before mating), or close to delivery (parasite inoculation on day 13 of gestation), prevents or severely jeopardizes gestation outcome (inducing pup mortality and intra-uterine growth retardation); ii) for the three strains tested, gestation during chronic infection results in intra-uterine growth retardation, whereas re-inoculation of TcVI parasites during gestation in such chronically infected mice, in addition, strongly increases pup mortality; iii) congenital infection remains a rare consequence of infection (occurring in approximately 4% of living pups born to acutely infected dams); iv) PCR, detecting parasitic DNA and not living parasites, is not convenient to detect congenial infection close to delivery; v) transmission of parasites by breast milk is unlikely. This study should encourage further investigations using other parasite strains and genotypes to explore the role of virulence and other factors, as well as the mechanisms of such effects on gestation and on the establishment of congenital infection.Journal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Parasitemias in dams acutely or chronically infected with TcI, TcII or TcVI.

<p>ING = infected and non-gravid mice; see <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002271#pntd-0002271-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a> for nomenclature of IAM, CI and CI² groups; parasitemias were recorded at delivery for IAM (dpi 7–9), CI (dpi 94–96), CI² dams (dpi 9–11 of reinfection) and at dpi 7 for ING mice; parasitemias in TcI acute-infection and TcII and TcVI chronic infections were recorded by qPCR, whereas those of acute TcII and TcVI infections were determined by blood microscopic investigation. * = P<0.05 by comparison to the ING group.</p

Mapping and characterization of the minimal internal ribosome entry segment in the human c-myc mRNA 5' untranslated region

The human c-myc proto-oncogene is transcribed from four alternative promoters generating transcripts with 5' untranslated regions of various lengths. These transcripts encode two proteins, c-Myc1 and c-Myc2, from two initiation codons, CUG and AUG, respectively. We and others have previously demonstrated that the region of c-myc transcripts between nucleotides (nt) –363 and –94 upstream from the CUG start codon contained an internal ribosome entry site leading to the cap-independent translation of c-myc open reading frames (ORFs). Here, we mapped a 50-nt sequence (-143 -94), which is sufficient to promote internal translation initiation of c-myc ORFs. Interestingly, this 50-nt element can be further dissected into two segments of 14 nt, each capable of activating internal translation initiation. We also demonstrate that this 50-nt element acts as the ribosome landing site from which the preinitiation ribosomal complex scans the mRNA until the CUG or AUG start codons.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Tissue parasite amounts in AmBisome-treated mice.

<p>NT: untreated mice; AmBisome was administred either in early acute phase (TeA), in acute phase (TA), or in chronic phase (TC). TAC mice treated by AmBisome during the acute and the chronic phases of infection. Organs were collected either in acute phase (dpi 21) or in chronic phase (dpi 74) from mice having received or not cyclophosphamide (CP). Both TcZ and GAPDH sequences were quantified individually for each DNA sample. The amounts of parasite DNA in samples were expressed in parasite equivalents per mL of blood (A) or per 50 ng DNA for heart (B), liver (C), spleen (D), muscle (E) and adipose tissue (F). * denotes a significant difference with NT acute mice group, # denotes a significant difference with NT chronic mice group, § denotes a significant difference between treatments, *, #, § P<0.05; **, ##, §§ P<0.01; ***, ###, §§§ P<0.001.</p

Growth of pups either uninfected or congenitally infected with TcII and TcVI.

<p>See <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002271#pntd-0002271-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a> for group nomenclature; uninfected offspring were born to infected or uninfected mice; * = P<0.05, ** = P<0.01, *** = P<0.001.</p

Reductions of DNA parasite loads in organs of AmBisome-treated mice.

<p>For each mouse group, reduction ratios are expressed in fold decrease compared to the mean of NT group.</p