Mobilization of seed reserves during germination and early seedling growth of two sunflower cultivars

The present study was carried out to determine the mobilization of seed storage components of sunflower seeds during germination and early seedling development. Two sunflower cultivars (DUET CL and TR 3080) were used as plant materials. Seeds were germinated for 120 h and samples were taken every 24 h. The total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the germinating seeds of both cultivars significantly increased till 96 h, and then decreased. While the total soluble and reducing sugar contents were decreased during the first 24 h, their amounts increased significantly afterwards. The total protein contents of the germinating seeds of TR 3080 and DUET CL decreased from 48.1% and 40.9% to 35.5% and 28.4%, respective-ly. However, their free amino acid contents were steadily increased during germination and early seedling growth. The oil contents of DUET CL and TR 3080 started to decrease significantly after 72 h and dropped to 41.3% and 40.2%, respectively, at the end of the study. Free fatty acid contents of the seeds increased until 72 h, but decreased thereafter. While, oleic acid contents of the cultivars decreased during the germination period, their linoleic acid contents increased. These results suggest that significant changes occur in the pigment, sugar, lipid and protein metabolisms during germination and early seedling growth period of sunflower

Seed Filling

The synthesis of seed storage reserves occurs during seed filling, and many seeds contain large and characteristic levels of polymeric reserves. Storage reserves are found in the endosperm of cereal seeds and in the endosperm and/or cotyledons of dicot seeds depending of the plant crop species. Recently progress has been made in understanding the complex network of genetic regulation associated with seed filling. These advances in storage reserve quantity and nutrient quality contribute to a comprehensive understanding of reserve composition, synthesis, and regulation. Phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin, gibberellic acid, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), ethylene and their interactions play critical roles in seed filling and development. At different stages of seed development, the levels of different hormones such as ABA, IAA zeatin and zeatin riboside changes gradually from the beginning of the process to maturity. In addition, the quality and yield of seed storage reserves are significantly affected by the environmental conditions before and during the synthesis of the reserves. Given the fateful importance of seed storage reserves for food and feed and their use as sustainable industrial feedstock to replace dwindling fossil reserves, understanding the metabolic and developmental control of seed filling will be an important focus of plant research

Dynamic changes occur in the cell wall composition and related enzyme activities during flower development in Rosa damascena

The flowering period of oil-bearing rose is short and many physiological processes occur during flower development. Changes in the cell wall composition and associated enzyme activities are important as they allow cells to divide, differentiate and grow. In the present study, changes in seven cell wall components and six cell wall-related enzyme activities at five flower development stages were investigated and the relationships between these parameters and flowering were examined. Ash content did not change between stages I to II but decreased at later stages. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and hemicellulose contents increased after stage I but did not change significantly at the other developmental periods. Total pectin content increased throughout flower development. An “increase–decrease” trend was observed in total cellulose content and a “decrease–increase” pattern in uronic acid content. The activities of both glycosidases (β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and endoglucanase) and pectinases (pectin lyase, pectin methyl esterase and polygalacturonase) increased until stage IV and decreased significantly at stage V of flower development. Correlation analysis revealed 14 positive and one negative correlation with the studied parameters. Cell wall enzymes showed positive correlations with each other. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that ADF, NDF and cellulose content were significantly altered at stage II of flower development, and significant changes occurred in all cell wall enzyme activities between stages III and V. Overall, blooming is correlated closely with increased pectin and decreased cellulose contents, and changes in cell wall glucosidase and pectin hydrolysis enzyme activities. These results show that cell wall modifying enzymes are part of the flower development process in oil-bearing rose. Therefore, remodeling of cell wall components in petals is a process of flower development

Investigation of Flower Yield and Quality in Different Color Safflower Genotypes

The present study was carried out to determine variations in flower and dye yield and chemical contents of safflower genotypes with different flower colors in 2017–2018. The flower and dyestuff yields of the genotype ranged between 6.6–12.0 kg da−1 and 218.1–421.7 g da−1, respectively. The TPC and high antioxidant capacity values were listed according to flower color as yellow > orange > red > white. Gallic, rosmarinic and chlorogenic acid were higher in orange-flowered genotypes, kaempferol in red-flowered and catechin in yellow and orange-flowered. The oil content ranged between 4.32–6.12%. In flowers, linoleic acid ranged between 32.77–48.27%, α-linolenic acid 1.85–3.38% and γ-linolenic acid 14.76–18.50%. According to the Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) technique; the main scent molecules of flowers were β-caryophyllene, α-pinene, 1-tetradecene, β-cedrene, α-cedrene and β-myrcene. The C* value of flowers was positively correlated with the total phenolic content and dyestuff content in both years, and genotypes with high C value showed high antioxidant activity. Askon-42 can be recommended for high flower yield, dyestuff content and yield among genotypes, and US-10 genotype for the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. For further research, it will guide the use of different colored safflower flower extracts, which are natural dye sources, in natural cosmetic products

Yağ Gülü (Rosa damascena Mill.)’nde Tepe Boşluğu Katı Faz Mikro Ekstraksiyonu (HS-SPME) ve Konvansiyonel Su Distilasyonu Yöntemleri ile Elde Edilen Uçucu Bileşenlerin Karşılaştırılması

Yağ gülü (Rosa damascena Mill.), kendine özgü doğal koku bileşenleri nedeniyle parfüm ve kozmetik endüstrisinde değerlendirilen en önemli kokulu gül türüdür. Bu araştırmada, taze yağ gülü çiçeklerinin sepal (çanak yaprak), petal (taç yaprak), stamen (erkek organ) ve pistil (dişi organ) olarak ayrılan kısımlarının uçucu bileşenleri gaz kromatografisi/kütle spektrometresi (GC-MS) ile kombine edilmiş Tepe Boşluğu-Katı Faz Mikro Ekstraksiyon (HS-SPME) tekniği ile tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca taze yağ gülü çiçekleri konvansiyonel hidro-Clevenger su distilasyonu yöntemi ile damıtılmış, elde edilen uçucu yağların bileşenleri GC-MS ile belirlendikten sonra HS-SPME sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. HS-SPME yönteminin yağ gülünde uçucu bileşenleri analizinde oldukça hassas ve etkili olduğu anlaşılmış, bir yağ gülü çiçeğinin farklı kısımların farklı koku bileşenlerine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca su distilasyonu ile elde edilen gül yağının uçucu yağ bileşenlerinin çiçeğin doğal koku bileşenlerinden farklı olduğu ve distilasyon sürecinde önemli bazı bileşenlerde değişimler ve kayıplar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Taze gül çiçeğinin en önemli bileşeni olan feniletil alkol çiçeğin en fazla pembe renkli petallerinde (taç yapraklarında), gül yağında varlığı istenmeyen metil öjenol ise çiçeğin en fazla stamenlerinde (erkek organlarında) bulunduğu belirlenmiştir

Yağ Gülü (Rosa damascena Mill)'nde Mutasyon Islahı

Mutation breeding is one of the ways to create genetic variation of oil rose, as in other species. In the present study, it is aimed to develop superior mutants in terms of mophological, agronomic and quality characteristic compare to the oil rose. Oil rose fruits (Rosa damascena Mill.) were harvested and seeds were extracted in 2007. 1000 seeds were irradiated with 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 Gry doses of the cobalt 60 gamma-ray in Atomic Energy Agency, Ankara, Turkey. Irradiated seeds were stratified at 4oC for 3 month and planted to viols on March in 2008. Seedlings applied 0, 100, 200 Gry doses were transferred to pots in 2008 and were planted to field on March in 2010. Mutant oil roses showed wide genetic variation for flower color (from darker pink to white), petal number (from 5 to 90) and flowering period (M1 generation) in 201

The Effect of Seawater Used for Hydrodistillation on Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Oil-Bearing Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.)

Oil-bearing rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is the most important rose species having a high-value volatile oil, used in the fragrance and cosmetic industries. Epidermal cells of the flower petals are the main essential oil source. During the boiling process of hydrodistillation, the essential oil in the cells diffuses through the cell walls by means of osmosis. The purpose of this research was to find out what happens when seawater or salt water used instead of distilled water for hydrodistillation. Fresh rose flowers collected at full blooming stage in the early hours of morning were distilled with pure water (control) and Mediterranean seawater using Clevenger hydrodistillation apparatus. Constituents of essential oils obtained by hydro distillation were identified with GC-FID/MS apparatus. Essential oil yield were not significantly affected by the distillation practices. However, the hydrodistillation with seawater gave a little higher yield as 0.045% than the hydrodistillation with pure water as 0.042%. A total of 23 essential oil constituents were detected by GC-FID/MS analyses. The main compounds in both rose oils distilled by tap water and seawater were citronellol, geraniol, nerol, and nonadecane. As results, hydrodistillation of oil-bearing rose with seawater provided a statistically insignificant increase in the essential oil yiled from 0.040 to 0.045%, but caused a significant decrease in citronellol rate from 41.49 to 33.56 %, and significant inceraeses in geraniol rate from 17.58 to 27.44 % and nerol rate from 6.45 to 12.21 %. The results obtained from this research should be examined in more detail at industrial scales

Isparta Populasyonundan Geliştirilen Aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Hatlarının Tarımsal ve Teknolojik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

2004 ve 2005 yıllarında Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü'nde yürütülen bu araştırmada, Gelendost ilçesinden toplanan aspir populasyonundan seçerek geliştirilen Gelendost aspir hatlarının (Gelendost-1 ve Gelendost-2) tarımsal ve teknolojik özellikleri standart çeşitlerle (Dinçer 5-118, Yenice 5-38 ve Remzibey 05) karşılaştırılmıştır. Gelendost hatları kontrol çeşitlere göre tarımsal özellikleri yönüyle düşük, teknolojik özellikleri yönüyle yüksek performans sergilemişlerdir. Dikenli genotipler (Remzibey 05 ve Gelendost-1) dikensiz genotiplere (Dinçer 5-118, Yenice 5-38 ve Gelendost-2) göre daha yüksek yağ oranı vermişlerdir. Gelendost-1 hattının ortalama yağ oranı %26.7 olarak saptanmış ve bu oran en yüksek yağ içeren çeşidin (Remzibey 05) oranına çok yakın bulunmuştur. Gelendost hatları linoleik asitce zengin, oleik asitce fakir olan bir yağ ürettikleri saptanmıştır. Her iki deneme yılında da en yüksek linoleik asit oranları (sırasıyla %81.6 ve %81.5) Yenice 5-38 çeşidinden elde edilmiş, onu sırasıyla %81.5 ve %80.2 ile Gelendost-2 hattı takip etmiştir. Aspir yağının toplam tokoferol içeriği 131.6 mg/100 g (Dinçer 5-118) ile 163.2 mg/100 g (Gelendost-1) arasında değişmiştir. Aspir yağında bulunan tokoferol komponentlerinden (α-, β-, γ- ve δ- tokoferoller) en önemlisinin α-tokoferol olduğu belirlenmiştir. En yüksek α-tokoferol içeriği 2004 yılında 149.5 mg/100 g ile Remzibey 05 çeşidinin yağında ve 2005 yılında 159.6 mg/ 100 g ile Gelendost-1 hattının yağında bulunmuştur. Anahtar kelimeler: Aspir, Carthamus tinctorius, verim ve verim özellikleri, yağ asitleri ve tokofero

Yağ Gülü (Rosa damascena Mill.)’nün Çiçek Morfolojisi ve Polen Canlılığı Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü’nde yürütülen bu araştırmada yağ gülü (Rosa damascena Mill.) polenlerinin çiçeklenme sezonu boyunca 3 farklı dönemde (çiçeklenme başı, çiçeklenme ortası ve çiçeklenme sonu), 2 farklı depolama sıcaklığında (4oC ve 25oC) ve 5 farklı depolama süresinde (3, 6, 9, 12 ve 15 gün) kimyasal (Safranin, IKI ve TTC) ve biyolojik (doymuş petri) testleri uygulanarak polen canlılığı ile hemasitometrik yöntemle anterde polen sayıları belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Yağ gülü çiçeklerinde çiçeklenme sezonu boyunca petal sayısı 29.3-33.0 adet, anter sayısı 86.4-89.6 adet, stigma sayısı 43.5-45.2 adet ve anterde polen sayısı 45.000-53.000 adet arasında değişmiştir. Uygulanan bütün kimyasal ve biyolojik canlılık testlerinde, çiçeklenme sezonu ilerledikçe anterde polen sayısı ve canlılık oranları azalmıştır. Her iki depolama sıcaklığında da depolama süresi uzadıkça polen canlılık oranları düşmüş, 4oC'de depolanan polenlerin canlılık oranları depolama süresi boyunca 25oC'de depolanan polenlere göre genelde daha yüksek olarak bulunmuştur. Çalışmada çiçeklenme zamanı ve depolama koşulları optimize edilerek polen canlılığının birkaç hafta sürdürülebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır