Nanostructural Engineering of Steel

The concept of microstructural engineering of steels is well established and is the basis for a wide range of processes and products. Recently, though, there has been increasing emphasis in developing microstructures that have submicron length scales and also in understanding in far greater detail the structures and solute effects that are occurring at the nanoscale. In this review it is proposed that we are heading towards the situation where we are applying nanostructural engineering concepts in the development of new steels. A range of examples are given as well as a discussion of the potential impact of new processing routes. Clearly the future advances will be driven through improved characterization methods, such as atom probe tomography, in combination with advanced modeling

Measurement of air and nitrogen fluorescence light yields induced by electron beam for UHECR experiments

Most of the Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray (UHECR) experiments and projects (HiRes, AUGER, TA, EUSO, TUS,...) use air fluorescence to detect and measure extensive air showers (EAS). The precise knowledge of the Fluorescence Light Yield (FLY) is of paramount importance for the reconstruction of UHECR. The MACFLY - Measurement of Air Cherenkov and Fluorescence Light Yield - experiment has been designed to perform such FLY measurements. In this paper we will present the results of FLY in the 290-440 nm wavelength range for dry air and pure nitrogen, both excited by electrons with energy of 1.5 MeV, 20 GeV and 50 GeV. The experiment uses a 90Sr radioactive source for low energy measurement and a CERN SPS electron beam for high energy. We find that the FLY is proportional to the deposited energy (E_d) in the gas and we show that the air fluorescence properties remain constant independently of the electron energy. At the reference point: atmospheric dry air at 1013 hPa and 23C, the ratio FLY/E_d=17.6 photon/MeV with a systematic error of 13.2%.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physic

Measurement of air fluorescence light yield induced by an electromagnetic shower

For most of the Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray (UHECR) experiments and projects (HiRes, AUGER, TA, JEM-EUSO, TUS,...), the detection technique of Extensive Air Showers (EAS) is based, at least, on the measurement of the air fluorescence induced signal. The knowledge of the Fluorescence Light Yield (FLY) is of paramount importance for the UHECR energy reconstruction. The MACFLY experiment was designed to perform such FLY measurements. In this paper we will present the results of dry air FLY induced by 50 GeV electromagnetic showers as a function of shower age and as a function of the pressure. The experiment was performed at CERN using an SPS electron test beam line. It is shown that the FLY is proportional to deposited energy in air (E_d) and that the ratio FLY/E_d and its pressure dependence remain constant independently of shower age and more generally independently of the excitation source used (single electron track or air shower).For most of the Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray (UHECR) experiments and projects (HiRes, AUGER, TA, JEM-EUSO, TUS,...), the detection technique of Extensive Air Showers (EAS) is based, at least, on the measurement of the air fluorescence induced signal. The knowledge of the Fluorescence Light Yield (FLY) is of paramount importance for the UHECR energy reconstruction. The MACFLY experiment was designed to perform such FLY measurements. In this paper we will present the results of dry air FLY induced by 50 GeV electromagnetic showers as a function of shower age and as a function of the pressure. The experiment was performed at CERN using an SPS electron test beam line. It is shown that the FLY is proportional to deposited energy in air (E_d) and that the ratio FLY/E_d and its pressure dependence remain constant independently of shower age and more generally independently of the excitation source used (single electron track or air shower)

Predictors of left ventricular hypertrophy development in patients with essential hypertension: role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines

Objective: The data on the relationship between the level of TNF-α and interleukin-10 with the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial remodeling in patients with essential hypertension is presented. Methods: Overall, 156 patients with essential hypertension aged 40 to 75 years (with mean age 55.8 ± 7.5 years) were examined; of which 57 were women and 99 were men. All patients were divided into two groups. The first group included 73 patients showing the presence of  left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), established by echocardiography; the second group included 83 patients who showed no signs of LVH on the echocardiogram. Results: According to the study, no relationship was found between the concentration of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and the development of LVH. It was also shown that only men, but not women with, were associated with the presence of LVH with low levels of interleukin-10 ( IL-10). In addition, a negative correlation was found between the concentration of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-10 with the thickness of the left ventricular walls at the initial stages of myocardial remodeling on the echocardiography. Conclusion: Thus, our study demonstrates the modulating role of inflammation on the processes of myocardial remodeling in hypertension

Capacity Utilization Factor (CUF) of the 70kW on-grid solar station in the dry climate of Termez

The aim of the present study was to assess the installed capacity utilization factor and the suitability of a 70kW photovoltaic plant placed on the roof of a dormitory located at Termez city (Termez state university). We can report the energy to production directly through mobile devices. CUF is one of the quantities that shows the performance quality of each power generating station. The results of our research cover two months autumn and winter. Through this, the theoretically estimated minimum values of CUF on the least sunny days have also been proven in real values. It is estimated that the annual result of this value will be around 15%-20%. Because in the winter months, the value of individual CUF on open days increases by 20%. An estimated 15.68 mln kg of CO2 was avoided due to the generation of 22.4MWh of energy. This is a small improvement in the environment and energy sector