Analysis of polyQ aggregate load.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Exemplified filter retardation analysis to visualize polyQ aggregates. Decreasing amounts of loaded protein derived from fly heads of control (<i>GMR-GAL4</i>, top), <i>GMR>polyQ</i> (middle) or <i>GMR>polyQ</i> in combination with a candidate suppressor (bottom). (<b>B</b>) Densitometric measures of filter retardation analysis. Data depicted as fold change compared to control (<i>GMR>polyQ</i>) for suppressors and enhancers of polyQ-induced toxicity. Independent homogenates (if available) were used for repetitions. In case of none or only one independent repetition n≤2 is indicated. In all other cases, number of independent repetitions is n≥3. Significant changes are indicated * p<0.05; *** p<0.001.</p

Screening for modifiers of polyQ-induced toxicity.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Rough eye phenotype (REP) used as a primary readout for screening. Compared to control (upper panels), eye-specific (<i>GMR-GAL4</i>) expression of polyQ (lower panels) induces disturbances of the external eye texture, e. g. depigmentation of the compound eye observed by light microscopy (left) and as depicted in scanning electron micrographs (middle). Toluidine blue-stained semi-thin eye sections reveal that the disturbance of external eye structures is accompanied by degeneration of retinal cells (right). (<b>B</b>) Modification of the polyQ-induced REP by enhancers and suppressors. VDRC transformants used to silence respective genes: <i>CG3284</i> (11219), <i>CG16807</i> (23843), <i>CG15399</i> (19450) and <i>CG7843</i> (22574). (<b>C</b>) Flow chart of the screening procedures to identify modifiers of polyQ-induced toxicity. (<b>D</b>) Brief summary of screen results. Scale bars represent either 200 µm in eye pictures or 50 µm in semi-thin eye sections.</p

Computational analysis of modifiers of polyQ-induced toxicity.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Meta-interaction network displaying modifiers of polyQ toxicity. Only candidates causing a robust modification of the REP (red) as well as directly interacting subtle modifiers (black) were retained from an initial network of more than 5 k genes with 20 k interactions <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0047452#pone.0047452-Costello1" target="_blank">[32]</a>. One local cluster of functionally interacting modifiers is highlighted. (<b>B</b>) Gene Ontology analysis of these candidate gene groups. Shown are -log₁₀(p-value) scores for GO term enrichment for candidate gene groups (horizontal axis, see inset for group identities) and GO term (vertical). The matrix incorporates the structure of the GO hierarchy and is based on the Topology Weighted Term-algorithm as implemented in Ontologizer (terms with a p-value<0.005 are shown).</p

List of unspecific modifiers of polyQ-induced toxicity.

<p>Table lists gene name (if applicable) and gene ID of all candidates identified to have a similar effect on polyQ- and Tau-induced REPs. Mode of modification is indicated (enhancement (E), suppression (S)). A brief summary of the molecular and biological functions assigned to the identified gene products is listed.</p

Overlap between screens for genetic modifiers of polyQ-induced toxicity or aggregation.

<p>The Venn-like diagram displays only candidate genes shared by the different screens. Mode of modification (enhancement/suppression) is not addressed, due to the different readouts (aggregation/toxicity), model systems (<i>Drosophila</i>, insect cells, <i>C. elegans</i>) and elongated polyQ-containing proteins used in the diverse screening approaches.</p