Risk of Bias for 26 Quality Measures: Systematic Review (2010-April 2015).

<p>* Criteria that are specified by both QUADAS tool and Lijmer et al. (1999).</p

Number of publications that reported on specific biomarkers (2010–2105).

<p>The counts in this figure represent the number of publications evaluating a specific host biomarker, regardless of specimen. Biomarker combinations are not represented in this graph. The multi-gene classifier studies screened >1000 host transcripts each, with a final data set of ranging from 10–52 host gene transcripts; however, for the purposes of this graph, a single count was entered for each multi-gene classifier study, regardless of the number of transcripts profiled.</p

PRISMA flow chart of study selection.

<p>(a) Includes Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, Science Daily, and free-text searches online. (b) Includes instances of: detection of a single type of pathogen, measures prognosis/severity, does not differentiate bacterial infection, prevalence studies, and detection of co-infections or cross-reactivity. (c) Study evaluation was limited solely to tick-born infections. (d) Assessed for additional relevant references.</p

Cytokine markers as clinical predictors of bacterial infections ranked by diagnostic performance: comprehensive review 2010–2015.

<p>Cytokine markers as clinical predictors of bacterial infections ranked by diagnostic performance: comprehensive review 2010–2015.</p

Inflammation markers as clinical predictors of bacterial infections ranked by diagnostic performance: comprehensive review 2010–2015.

<p>Inflammation markers as clinical predictors of bacterial infections ranked by diagnostic performance: comprehensive review 2010–2015.</p

Summary of high-performing host biomarkers with statistically significant findings.

<p>Summary of high-performing host biomarkers with statistically significant findings.</p

Summary of multi-gene classifiers: comprehensive review 2010–2015.

<p>Summary of multi-gene classifiers: comprehensive review 2010–2015.</p

Blood cells and hematologic markers as clinical predictors of bacterial infections ranked by diagnostic performance: comprehensive review 2010–2015.

<p>Blood cells and hematologic markers as clinical predictors of bacterial infections ranked by diagnostic performance: comprehensive review 2010–2015.</p

Cell surface markers evaluated as predictors of bacterial infection ranked by diagnostic parameters: comprehensive review 2010–2015.

<p>Cell surface markers evaluated as predictors of bacterial infection ranked by diagnostic parameters: comprehensive review 2010–2015.</p

Additional file 1: of Antimicrobial resistance in Africa: a systematic review

Detailed Methododologies (DOCX 24 kb