Produtividade do trabalho, salários reais e desemprego na indústria de transformação do Brasil na década de 1990: teoria e evidência Labor productivity, real wages and unemployment in the Brazilian manufacturing in 90's: theory and evidence

Este artigo investiga se os ganhos de produtividade do trabalho verificados na indústria de transformação brasileira nos anos 90 tiveram algum impacto sobre o comportamento dos salários reais. Para isso, utiliza o modelo de Ball e Moffit (2001), que incorpora a produtividade do trabalho à explicação da variação dos salários reais. A década de 1990 foi dividida em dois períodos para fins de análise: janeiro de 1990 a junho de 1994, e julho de 1994 a dezembro de 2000. Os resultados apontarão que a produtividade do trabalho foi uma variável significativa na explicação dos salários reais antes do Plano Real.<br>This paper investigates if the gains of labor productivity verificated in the Brazilian industry in the nineties had some impact on the behavior of real wages. For this uses the Ball and Moffit's (2001) model, wich incorporates the labor productivity in a explanation of the real wages variation. The nineties were divided in two periods for analysis: January 1990 to June 1994 and July to December 2000. The results will point out that the labor productivity was a significative variable in the explanation of wages before the Real Plan

Analyses of the development and glycoproteins present in the ovarian follicles of Poecilia vivipara (Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae)

The morphofunctional aspects of oogenesis of Poecilia vivipara were studied aiming to understand the reproductive biology and development of species with internal fertilization, particularly those belonging to the family Poeciliidae. The stages of gonadal maturation and follicular development were characterized using mesoscopic, histological, histochemical, and lectin cytochemical analyses. Through mesoscopic evaluation the ovarian development was classified in six phases of development: immature, in maturation I, in maturation II, mature I, mature II, and post-spawn. Based on microscopic examination of the ovaries, we identified the presence of oocytes types I and II during the previtellogenic phase and types III, IV, and V during the vitellogenic phase. As oogenesis proceeded the oocyte cytosol increased in volume and presented increased cytoplasmic granule accumulation, characterizing vitellogenesis. The zona radiata (ZR) increased in thickness and complexity, and the follicular epithelium, which was initially thin and consisting of pavimentous cells, in type III oocytes exhibited cubic simple cells. The histochemical and cytochemical analyses revealed alterations in the composition of the molecular structures that form the ovarian follicle throughout the gonadal development. Our study demonstrated differences in the female reproductive system among fish species with internal and external fertilization and we suggest P. vivipara can be used as experimental model to test environmental toxicity