Characterisation of cyclists' willingness to pay for green initiatives at Africa's largest cycle tour

The Cape Argus Pick n Pay Cycle Tour is a major event on the road cycling calendar. The majority of cyclists travel significant distances and participation produces a substantial carbon footprint. This paper examines participants’ willingness to pay to offset their carbon footprint. The purpose of this paper is to make a contribution to the literature by linking willingness to pay to attitudes towards or beliefs (green views) about the initiatives in place, to ensure a greener cycle tour. Factor analysis is used to identify different types of cyclists, based on their green views: those with green money, those who prefer green products and the “re-cyclers”. The results of the regression analysis reveal that socio-demographic variables and the right attitude towards the environment are significant predictors of stated willingness to pay for climate change mitigation

Investigations into the Causes and Control of the Growth Arrestment Phenomenon of Sultana. II. Preliminary Experimental Investigations

As a continuation of the investigation into the growth abnormalities, called 'growth arrestment phenomenon' (GAP), which occur extensively in the Sultana vineyards of the Lower Orange River region, field experiments comprising K fertilisation, scheduled irrigation, crop control and specific plant organ and tissue analyses were conducted. Experimental results showed no response to K fertilisation but a promising response to controlled irrigation. Analyses of various organs revealed a faulty carbohydrate metabolism and high N concentrations, probably a result ofthe fertile soil and high temperatures during the growing season, causing vigorous as well as continued shoot growth after harvest. Specific analyses of affected organs and tissues showed black bunches and shiny spots on leaves to be high in N and Mn and low in K. It is postulated that amongst the major factors causing GAP are the specific climatic and soil conditions which cause poor accumulation of reserves and high N contents. The mechanism by which GAP is caused and practical measures to combat this phenomenon merit urgent further studies

RINGSKOMPOSISIONELE UITLIGTING VAN DIE KRATOS-TEMA IN AISKHULOS SE DANAIDE-TRILOGIE

In Aiskhulos se werke is die koorsange nog tot 'n groot mate sleutels tot die interpretasie van die totale drama of trilogie, vanwee sy nabyheid aan die liriese vorm van tragedie. Die Kparo~-motief figureer sterk in die koorsange van reels 418-437 en 524-599, van die Hiketides, wat beide ringkomposisies is. Die ontwikkeling van teksanalise het verreikende vernuwing in die beskrywingswyse en interpretasie van ringkomposisies veroorsaak. Verder word aan die hand van die retoriese figuur van ringkomposisie, betoog dat in terme van die Russiese Formalisme en die daaropvolgende Praagse Funksionalisme, die wyse waarop die Kparo~-tema in die ringkomposisie van reels 418-437 aangewend word, duidelik daarop dui dat ironie 'n groot rol speel. Gevolglik is dit moontlik om met groter metodologiese sekerheid die rol van die Kparo~-tema op die intrige-vlak te ondersoek, en die lyn deur te trek na die hele trilogie. Die tweede en derde dramas van die trilogie is weliswaar verlore, maar die rekonstruksies wat op grond van die enkele fragmente gemaak is, kan verder ontwikkel word deur die nodige onderskeid tussen verhaal en intrige t

Soil Preparation Studies: II. The Effect of Depth and Method of Soil Preparation and of Organic Material on the Performance of Vitis vinifera (var. Colombar) on Clovelly/Hutton Soil

As a follow-up for similar investigations carried out in the irrigation area of the Breede River valley, the effect of different methods of soil preparation on the performance of Colombar/143B on a Hutton/Clovelly soil was studied at Stellenbosch in the Cape coastal area. Results were generally in accordance with those obtained in the Breede River valley studies, and showed no convincing effect of organic material additions but a strong positive effect of depth and efficiency of soil loosening. Root growth was related to the soil volume loosened and to vine performance. Roots tended to concentrate in the surface soil layers in shallow soil but showed a more desirable uniform distribution in delve ploughed soil. Although costly, delve ploughing the soils investigated in this study is clearly economically justifiable, primarily because the vineyard reached its potential production level sooner. The effect of eliminating excess acidity during soil preparation was not studied in this project, and no optimum soil volume could be determined because of the inability of the implements used to attain sufficient depths. These two aspects are regarded as very important and merit further study

DOGS AND LIONS IN THE ORESTEIA

Most studies of Aeschylean imagery have made simple deductions as to its meaning, whereby a single motif is encapsulated in what may be called a monistic abstraction. Thus Whallon interprets the vulture and eagle symbolism as "predacity" (1961:81); likewise Lawrence takes all the animal imagery together as displaying "the predatory laws of nature" (1976:107). In the case of "dog" and "lion" imagery in the Oresteia this is an oversimplification which leads to wrong interpretations of some occurrences. Such single labels for imagery are obtained in a facile manner by accepting the most direct meaning common to all the instances and linking it to some assumed aspect of an imagined semiotic background. When applied to the text, we can simply state repeatedly that certain imagery portray the same idea over and over, such as "predatory justice", as if this is the only meaning of all its occurrences. Instead, the imagery should rather be interpreted in terms of its function in the play (Garson 1983:33). In the case of "dog" and "lion" imagery, subdivisions in the imagery serve not only to bind the three plays together and to show contrast between and within characters, but it also forms an integral part of the literary contrast in the major theme of predeterminism versus personal responsibility, providing crucial insight into the psychology of the characters

The use of alternative lipid emulsions in paediatric and neonatal parenteral nutrition

No Abstrac

THE WRATH OF ARTEMIS (AND MENIS!) IN AG. 122-159

In the parodos of the Agamemnon of Aeschylus an omen appears in which two eagles kill and eat a female hare as well as her unborn young. This is seen by the seer Calchas to symbolize that Agamemnon's fleet wil destroy Troy and all its inhabitants. But the goddess Artemis is angry at something about this portent, and there is fear that she will demand a sacrifice of atonement. Opinions have differed widely as to the cause of this anger. Some scholars (e.g. Page and Lawrence) limit Artemis to the physical portent, while others (e.g. Peradotto, Lebeck, Whallon) involve her in the imagistic side of the portent. At the end of Calchas' speech there is an apparently loosely connected and unmotivated reference to a Menis as also being the cause of such a sacrifice. If the roles of Artemis and this Menis are not clearly distinguished, the whole problem of the extent of Artemis' reason for the sacrifice cannot be resolved. Lack of distinction between these two personae is evident in Whallon's absurd confusion of the roles of Artemis and Menis: "The visitations of her (i.e. Artemis') wrath produced an endless continuance of teknophagy. For like the Erinyes she was a deity whose punitive actions became predacious and necessitated further punishment" (1961 :87). Since Erinyes and the Menis are of the same type, Whallon implies that there is little difference between Artemis and Menis. The. problem about the extent of Artemis' anger can be solved if it can be proved that Menis is textually motivated by the imagery, which will make it unnecessary to involve Artemis in the imagery. Lawrence showed how the imagery has been applied to Artemis without any reflection on the validity of the method, but he actually did not prove that it is wrong to make such a link. In his opinion Artemis is angered by the omen itself and not by its interpretation through the words of the seer Calchas

Investigations into the Causes and Control of theu Growth Arrestment Phenomenon of Sultana. I. Symptoms and Survey Results

Growth abnormalities, locally called "growth arrestment phenomenon" (GAP), occurring in the Sultana vineyards in the Lower Orange River region were first described in 1955. Characteristically, single vines or patches of vines are affected, show poor budding, retarded shoot growth during flowering, localised blackening of peduncles and abortion of flower clusters, followed by vigorous renewed shoot growth and flower shatter. Shiny spots on the upper surface ofbasal leaves are associated with symptoms mentioned above. Because of flower cluster abortion and flower shatter, crop losses exceeding 800/o occurred on affected vines. An extensive survey and analysis programme revealed GAP to be mainly associated with low K values in soil and plants, a low irrigation frequency, especially during the dormancy period, and relatively heavy textured soils

Central clearing configurations : implications for South African derivative markets

After the financial crisis of 2008-2009, central counterparties (CCPs) emerged as an important mechanism to mitigate against counterparty credit risk and stem the spread of contagion in a time of crisis. Trading in derivative instruments, especially opaque, illiquid and complex in-struments, were seen as the cause of much of the quagmire in which the global economy found itself. At the Pittsburgh summit in 2009, the Group of 20 Nations (G20) made some fundamental commitments on the reform of international derivatives markets. One of the main commitments was to have standardised OTC derivatives cleared through central coun-terparties by the year 2020. In South Africa, the only CCP is the clearing house for exchange traded derivatives operated by the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE); five major South Af-rican banks are direct clearing members of JSE Clear. Most of the standardised OTC deriva-tive transactions are interest rate, and to a much lesser degree forex, in nature. The London Clearing House (LCH) clears the vast majority of centrally cleared ZAR interest rate swaps. All South African banks clear most of their trades executed with foreign counterparts at LCH but only one has a subsidiary that is a direct clearing member of LCH. There is a large amount of ZAR interest rate swap activity in SA which is not centrally cleared. This study examines the efficiency and dynamics of central clearing in this setting. It further notes the recent de-velopments in the current central clearing landscape and compares aspects thereof in South Africa to international CCPs. The framework developed by Duffie & Zhu (2011) is then used to examine efficiencies of different configurations of central clearing of derivatives in the South African context.Dissertation (MSc (Financial Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2021.Mathematics and Applied MathematicsMSc (Financial Engineering)Unrestricte

An in vitro study of the microleakage of a compomer (polyacid modified resin composite) bonded to enamel and dentine with different bonding systems and the effect of saliva contamination there of.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent)Restorative systems classified as polyacid modified composite resins, or compomers, have appeared on the market. An example of this is Dyract AP. Dyract AP must be used with the Prime & Bond NT bonding system. Prime & Bond NT can be applied without any form of prior etching, or it can be applied after application of Non Rinse Conditioner, or it can be applied after etching with 36% phosphoric acid. The purpose of the study was to determine the qualitative microleakage of Dyract AP and its bonding systems, as well as the influence of saliva contamination there of. Freshly extracted, non-carious, human premolars were randomly divided into 8 groups of 18 teeth each. Apiseetomies coated with Polivar varnish and restored with amalgam were performed on all teeth. Class V type cavities of 3 mm diameter and 1,5 mm depth were prepared on the CEJ junction on the buccal side of all teeth. Dyract AP restorations were placed using the bonding procedures indicated: Group 1: P&B NT (Prime & Bond NT); group 2: acid (36% phosphoric acid) + P&B NT; group 3: NRC (Non Rinse Conditioner) + P&B NT; group 4: P&B NT + Saliva; group 5: acid + Saliva + P&B NT; group 6: acid + P&B NT + Saliva; group 7: NRC + Saliva + P&B NT; group 8: NRC + P&B NT + Saliva. Restorations were finished with Sof-Lex discs. After 24 hours storage in distilled water the teeth were removed and coated with two layers of nail varnish, except for 1 mm around the restorations. The teeth were then thermocycled in a 0.5% basic fuchsin solution for 500 complete cycles between 8°C and 50°C, with a dwell time of 15 seconds