A different method of using nitrogen in agriculture; Anhydrous ammonia

Nitrogen fertilization in vegetable production in agriculture is an inevitable application for plantgrowth and yield. The use of urea (46%)and nitrate (23-26%) for nitrogen fertilization iscommon in our country's agriculture. Nitrogen fertilization is carried out two or three times indifferent periods to meet the nitrogen requirement of the soil in wheat farming. Nitrogenfertilization is performed once in the pre-sowing period in developed countries such as Americaand Canada. Studies have also been carried out in order to ensure the use of similar nitrogenfertilization methods under the conditions of our country. Anhydrous ammonia, which is a rawmaterial of nitrogenous fertilizers with 82.2% nitrogen content, was used for fertilizing as anenvironmental and economic method. The biggest problem in this application is the lack ofequipment that can place the fertilizer into the soil due to the chemical properties of Anhydrousammonia. In our work, we have developed equipment for the application of anhydrous ammoniaand have carried out experiments on wheat farming in the region. Two different methods havebeen studied in the research; Anhydrous ammonia methods and traditional methods. Theanhydrous ammonia method is a more advantageous method than the farmer condition method interms of the parameters examined. Anhydrous ammonia method is a more environmentally andeconomical method due to the use of less fertilizer

Changing of viscosity and thermal properties of olive oil with different harvesting methods and waiting period

The aim of this paper is to determine how different harvesting methods of olives and the waiting period before the extraction of the extra virgin olive oil affect the viscosity and some thermal properties, namely thermal conductivity and thermal resistivity. Olive trees in the Aegean region of the western part of Turkey were harvested by using six different harvesting methods: by hand, harvesting by a beating pole on a synthetic fabric, harvesting by a beating pole on a platform, harvesting by machine on a synthetic fabric, harvesting by machine on a platform and direct collecting of dropped olives by hand. Olive oil samples were obtained in certain intervals between the harvesting and processing that was made by using a laboratory type system. The viscosity values of oil samples were measured by using a vibro-viscometer. The thermal conductivity and thermal resistivity of oil samples were measured simultaneously by using the KD2 Thermal properties analyzer. As a result, viscosity, thermal conductivity and thermal resistivity values changed related to the harvesting method and the waiting period after harvesting to obtain olive oil. While viscosity (dynamic) and thermal conductivity values increased with the increase of the waiting time, thermal resistivity values decreased. The lowest viscosity and thermal conductivity values and the highest resistivity values were found for oils that were obtained from olives harvested by hand

Comparison of flame weeding with other methods in vineyard weed control

T.Öz YokIn this study, carried out in Italia Table Grape vineyard of Tekirdağ Viticulture Research Institute established using pergola trellis system, weed species were identified and " weed flaming " one of the alternative weed management strategies was assayed. This study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of this worldwide newly recognized method in our region and country. Working principle of the available flaming machines were searched on literatures and prototype of flaming machine was developed to burn weeds using flame produced by prophan gas. As a result of our study it has been determined that 81,1 % of narrow leaved weeds and 72,5 % of broad leaved weeds have been eliminated using flame applied with suitable method in favorable conditions

Sustainable Use of Medicinal Aromatic Plants and Employment of Women in Its Production: Case of Kumbag-Ucmakdere Area

Turkey, with a plant species of about 9000, is one of the countries hosting a rich natural flora in the climate belt it is located in. Considering the fact that Europe which is 15 times larger than Turkey hosts 12 000 species, our natural wealth can be seen more clearly. As the cornerstone of the agriculture sector in Turkey, an important element of the agricultural businesses the participation of women in the work power is 23.4%, which is considerably lower than the average of European Union (58.3%). In this study, with the example of Kumbag-Ucmakdere, what could be done for the utilisation of the women employment potential in terms of economics and the sustainable use of natural flora wealth is discussed. As a result of the study it was found out that the most widely collected plants in these villages were linden, oregano and sage, most commonly marketed products were linden (51.0%), sage (39.2%) and oregano (21.6%). In accordance with the findings of the study it was also discovered that in the condition of earning a reasonable income from these plants the women would continue the related activities (60.7%)

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization Methods on Macro and Micro-Nutrients in Wheat Leaf

The aims of this study were to compare the Nitrogen-fertilization methods; Anhydrous ammonia method (M-1), traditional method (M-2), and control method (M-3) and to study the effects on leaf macro-and micro nutrients in the winter wheat plants. The research has been conducted in the ecological conditions of Tekirdag during the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 growing seasons. The experiment has been arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Leaves collected during three different developmental stages (I-II-III periods) of wheat have been tested for macro and micro-nutrient analysis. Results showed that M-1 method has a positive effect on leaf macro and micro nutrients. The highest leaf N content (3.45%, 3.68%) has been detected in the application of anhydrous ammonia in both year.Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock under research and development project Research Project [13/45]This study supported by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock under research and development project Research Project (project no: 13/45), Turkey

Evaluation of Different Weed Control Methods in Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) Production

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different hoeing-weed control methods on weed removal rates and the vegetative and generative properties of sunflower. The study was carried out in Tekirdag City of Turkey six different weed control methods in the experiments were applied. These methods were M (surface spraying method), Mh+ss (harrow and surface spraying method), M-bc (band spraying with inter-row cultivator), Mh+bc (harrow and band spraying vvith inter-row cultivator), M-e (inter-row cultivator), M-o (control). The experiment was arranged in the field using a randomized complete block design with three replications.In the study; weed numbers, weed removal rate, yield, plant height, stem diameter, head diameter and thousand seed weight were investigated. The maximum plant height (1817 min), stem diameter (23.19 mm) and TSW (71.40 g) valuesin addition to yield values (311.4 kg/da) were obtained for the M(h+bo)method while the minimum values of plant height (1590 mm), stem diameter (17.75 mm), and head diameter (217 mm) were attained from the M(e)application. On the other hand there were no significant difference between the M(o)and M-o applications interms of head diameter, TSW and yield values.The highest yield was measured in the Mb+be method (311.40 kg/da), the highest weed removal rate was obtained in the M-be method with 95.83%. The results of this research showed that the M-be andM(h+bo) methods had more positive effects on the sunflower yield parameters and weed removal rates than the other weed control methods

Designing and Development of A Anhydrous Ammonia Application Equipment Investigation of Its Effects on Wheat Yield

Susuz amonyak (Anhydrous ammonia), basınç altında sıvı halde iken, atmosferik basınç altında gaz haline dönüşmektedir. Kimyasal özellikleri nedeniyle gerek depolama aşamasında gerekse uygulama aşamasında özel alet ve ekipmana gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Bu nedenle susuz amonyağın gübreleme amaçlı kullanımı ülkemiz tarımında gelişmemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, susuz amonyak uygulamasının ülkemizde tarımında uygulanabilir durumuna getirilmesini sağlamaktır. Araştırmada; susuz amonyak uygulaması (SA), çiftçi koşulları (ÇK)ve kontrol grubu (K) üç farklı yöntem uygulanmıştır. Susuz amonyak uygulaması ekim öncesi dönemde bir kez yapılmıştır. Çiftçi koşullarında bölge üreticisinin uyguladığı gübreleme esas alınmış ve hiçbir müdahalede bulunulmamıştır. Kontrol aşamasında azotlu gübreleme yapılmamıştır. Tane verimleri ilk yıl SA uygulamasında 892,15 kg/da, ÇK uygulamasında 728,78 kg/da, K uygulamasında 378,36 kg/da tane verimi alınmıştır (F=57,79*). İkinci yıl SA uygulamasında 744,80 kg/da, ÇK uygulamasında 695,44 kg/da, K uygulamasında 453,99 kg/da tane verimi alınmıştır (F=39,86*). Dekara benzer miktarda azot uygulaması yapılmış olmasına rağmen SA uygulaması ile buğday verimi çiftçi koşuluna göre % 18,37 oranında artış gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlardan görülebileceği gibi SA uygulamasının verim ve verime ilişkin parametreleri üzerine olumlu yönde etkisi olmuştur. Geliştirilen SA uygulama ekipmanı ve SA gübreleme uygulamasının tarımsal üretim sürecine dahil edilmesi ülkemiz tarımının gelişimine önemli katkı sağlayacağı görülmektedir.Anhydrous ammonia (Anhydrous ammonia), while liquid under high pressure, It turns to a gas under atmospheric pressure. At the storage and application stages due to the chemical properties, special tools and equipment are needed. Therefore, the use of the Anhydrous ammonia for fertilizer is undeveloped in our country agriculture. The aim of the project, anhydrous ammonia applications will be tried to be applicable in appropriate conditions. In this research was planned in three different methods; anhydrous ammonia application (SA), the farming conditions (CK) and the control group (K). Anhydrous ammonia application was made once before the sowing period. In farming conditions (CK), farmers applied fertilizer in a classical way. Nitrogen fertilization was not applied during the control stage. Average yield of wheat in the first year for SA, CK and K groups are 892.15 kg/da, 782.33 kg/da, and 378.86 kg/da (F = 57.79*) respectively. Furthermore, average yield of wheat in the second year for SA, CK and K groups are 744.80 kg/da, 695.44 kg/da, and 453.9 kg/da (F = 39.86*) respectively. Although there are similar amounts of nitrogen applied in decares, SA application resulted %18.37 yield increase compared with CK. Obtained results showed that SA application has a positive effect on yield and yield parameters statistically (P < 0.05). Anhydrous ammonia application equipment which is developed within the project and involved this into agricultural production is important for possible significant development of Turkish agricultural industry

Performance of a dual tine and presswheel seeding module for a range of speeds, presswheels and sowing tine alignments

The performance of a dual tine and presswheel seeding module was compared when using a range of settings and options under soil bin conditions. The parameters measured were the soil furrow profile, the placement of seeds and their effect on germination of triticale (variety Tahara - Xtriticosecale sp.). The tests were undertaken using the soil bin facilities at the University of South Australia using a sandy-loam soil. The seeding module had a deeper working front tine fitted with a winged narrow point followed by a narrow point, seed delivery tube and presswheel which were attached by a parallelogram to provide ground contour following for control of seeding depth. The tests showed that 55 mm wide presswheels with either a flat or wedge profile placed the seeds deeper and gave a reduced mean emergence time of 9.8 days compared to 12.6 days for the 80 and 110 mm wide wedge profile presswheels. The next most important factor affecting mean emergence time was the seeding tine alignment with the seeding tine offset 24 mm to the side of the leading tine giving a faster mean time to emergence of 10.7 days compared to center seeding which had 11.6 days. Increasing the speed of seeding from 8 to 13 km/h had no significant affect on the mean emergence time but the higher speeds were measured to place the seeds with less depth of soil cover, throw more soil from the furrow and throw soil wider from the furrow. © 2015, National Centre for Agrarian Sciences. All Rights reserved

Economic Aspect of Soil Tillage Systems in Canola Farming

Wheat and Sunflower as a crop rotation are main production in Trakya Region. Recently farmers have also been cultivating canola with sunflower and wheat crop rotation. Canola. wheat and sunflower are being cultivated every three years respectively. Tillage systems of canola which is the new product for Turkey and Trakya Region were determinate in the research. Economic analyze of the systems used in the canola farming was also evaluated in the study. Before the trials a Survey on to determine tillage systems was done in the area. Three kinds of conventional, heavy and reduced tillage systems were evaluated in the study In the Systems of conventional (A) and heavy tillage (B) fuel consumption with 52 1 ha(-1) was the highest. The lowest fuel consumption was found in the reduced system (C) with 37 1 ha(-1). It is obvious that tillage systems give the best results for cost parameters

Determination of Spatial Variability in Olive Production: Part I - Soil

The aim of this research is to determine soil spatial variability and strategies of fertilization. This research was carried out in an olive orchard which has 84 trees in Turkey. Soil analyses were realized by using samples which were taken from grids. Soil of the olive orchard was suitable for olive growing due to physical and chemical analysis except organic matter, (partially P), Mn, and Zn. Due to the results of analyses; N, P, Mn and Zn will be required for the next year olive production. The fertilization strategies must be included these applications. It should not be forgotten that the soils which are adequate in potassium and partially phosphorus, may become poor in P and K as like organic material in the length of time