SKRINING FITOKIMIA DAN UJI DAYA HAMBAT EKTRAK DAUN JAHE MERAH (Zingiber officinale var rubrum) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus Epidermidis DAN Escherichia Coli

Infectious disease is one of the diseases caused by microbes, including bacteria. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli are gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria that cause infectious diseases. The selection of medicinal plants as an alternative solution is an effective way of reducing the resistance of bacteria. Based on the empirical data, herbal plants with antimicrobial potential are red ginger (Zingiber officinale var rubrum). This research aimed to determine the inhibition test on Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Escherichia coli due to phytochemical compounds contained in the leaves of red ginger which serve as an antibacterial. Through this experimental laboratory research, a crude drug was extracted using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvent. The phytochemical screening results of n-hexane extract showed that red ginger leaves contain alkaloids and terpenoids; chloroform extract contains alkaloids, steroids, and tannins; ethyl acetate extract contains alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, and tannins; and the methanol extract contains alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins. Chloramphenicol and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were used as the positive control and negative control respectively. Inhibition test results were obtained from the four n-hexane extracts, chloroform extracts, ethyl acetate extracts, and methanol extracts with three different concentrations.The results obtained the greatest inhibition against Staphylococcus Epidermidis bacteria, namely at a concentration of 20% chlorform extract of red ginger leaves as large as 18,90 mm. Meanwhile, the inhibition of Escherichia Coli is at a concentration of 20% n-hexane extract with an inhibitory power of 17,84 mm inhibition zone that is classified as a strong category to inhibit the growth of bacteria .The results of the One Way ANOVA data analysis (p less than 0.01) with a confidence level of 99%

Characterisation of the Binding Properties of Bacillus Thuringiensis 18 Toxin on Leukaemic Cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Various strains of <it>Bacillus thuringiensis </it>(Bt) have been found to produce parasporal proteins that are cytotoxic to human cancer cells. This study aims to establish the binding affinity of purified Bt 18 toxin for CEM-SS (T lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line), to determine if competition exists between the toxin and commercial anticancer drugs for the binding site on CEM-SS and to localise the binding site of the toxin on CEM-SS.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In homologous competitive binding study, the purified toxin was labelled with biotin and allowed to compete with unlabelled toxin for binding sites on CEM-SS and its dissociation constant (Kd) was determined. Comparisons were made with CCRF-SB, CCRF-HSB-2 and MCF-7. In heterologous competitive binding study, biotinylated toxin competition was determined with two other Bt toxins (crude Btj and crude Bt 22) and anticancer drugs (cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide, navelbine and methotrexate). To localise the binding site under the confocal microscope, the biotinylated toxin was tagged with FITC-conjugated streptavidin.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Homologous competitive binding assays revealed decreasing binding affinity of Bt 18 toxin for CEM-SS, CCRF-SB, and CCRF-HSB-2 with Kd of 8.44 nM, 14.98 nM and 17.71 nM respectively. Kd for MCF-7 was not determined as the inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was not reached. Heterologous competitive study showed little competition (< 30%) between biotinylated Bt 18 toxin and all test compounds used. Confocal microscopy revealed binding of toxin at the periphery of the cell.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>It was postulated that purified Bt 18 toxin binds on the cell surface of CEM-SS and the mechanism of cell death may differ from that of Btj toxin, Bt 22 toxin and all five anticancer drugs used in this study, since it did not significantly compete with these compounds for the same binding site.</p

After the colonial: Tina Rimmer the Borneon artist

James Williamson in his 2nd edition of A Short History of British Expansion (1931) drew his readers attention to the dwindling numbers of European colonials particularly the British colonials in the colonies which numbered 1.5 million in 1921 and then 1.4 million in December 192715. Imperialism was at its closure after the world war and the world was in depression. Those who lived after the war returned home even those who were at the fringes of the British colonies. This article explores the social transformation of post imperial colonials who did not return after imperialism especially in the fringes of non-white former colonies like the North Borneo of Malaysia. The question that begs is the resistance or insistence of the imperial mindset of these colonials who did not return home after imperialism. Since there are few who are still alive to answer this question, the one important respondent that has been identified in this research is Tina Rimmer or Mary Christina Rimmer née Lewin, a much loved Borneo[n] artist who  will turn a 100 in August 20171

A Comprehensive Analysis of Electric Dipole Moment Constraints on CP-violating Phases in the MSSM

We analyze the constraints placed on individual, flavor diagonal CP-violating phases in the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM) by current experimental bounds on the electric dipole moments (EDMs) of the neutron, Thallium, and Mercury atoms. We identify the four CP-violating phases that are individually highly constrained by current EDM bounds, and we explore how these phases and correlations among them are constrained by current EDM limits. We also analyze the prospective implications of the next generation of EDM experiments. We point out that all other CP-violating phases in the MSSM are not nearly as tightly constrained by limits on the size of EDMs. We emphasize that a rich set of phenomenological consequences is potentially associated with these generically large EDM-allowed phases, ranging from B physics, electroweak baryogenesis, and signals of CP-violation at the CERN Large Hadron Collider and at future linear colliders. Our numerical study takes into account the complete set of contributions from one- and two-loop EDMs of the electron and quarks, one- and two-loop Chromo-EDMs of quarks, the Weinberg 3-gluon operator, and dominant 4-fermion CP-odd operator contributions, including contributions which are both included and not included yet in the CPsuperH2.0 package. We also introduce an open-source numerical package, 2LEDM, which provides the complete set of two-loop electroweak diagrams contributing to the electric dipole moments of leptons and quarks.Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures; v2: references added, minor change

Bayesian Lasso for Semiparametric Structural Equation Models

There has been great interest in developing nonlinear structural equation models and associated statistical inference procedures, including estimation and model selection methods. In this paper a general semiparametric structural equation model (SSEM) is developed in which the structural equation is composed of nonparametric functions of exogenous latent variables and fixed covariates on a set of latent endogenous variables. A basis representation is used to approximate these nonparametric functions in the structural equation and the Bayesian Lasso method coupled with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is used for simultaneous estimation and model selection. The proposed method is illustrated using a simulation study and data from the Affective Dynamics and Individual Differences (ADID) study. Results demonstrate that our method can accurately estimate the unknown parameters and correctly identify the true underlying model

Probing CP Violation with and without Momentum Reconstruction at the LHC

We study the potential to observe CP-violating effects in SUSY cascade decay chains at the LHC. We consider squark and gluino production followed by subsequent decays into neutralinos with a three-body leptonic decay in the final step. Asymmetries composed by triple products of momenta of the final state particles are sensitive to CP-violating effects. Due to large boosts these asymmetries can be difficult to observe at a hadron collider. We show that using all available kinematic information one can reconstruct the decay chains on an event-by-event basis even in the case of 3-body decays, neutrinos and LSPs in the final state. We also discuss the most important experimental effects like major backgrounds and momentum smearing due to finite detector resolution. We show that with 300 fb$^{-1}$ of collected data, CP violation may be discovered at the LHC for a wide range of the phase of the bino mass parameter $M_1$.Comment: Version accepted for publication in JHEP. Clarifications added on the assumptions used for plots. New references adde