[[alternative]]A Study on Online Graphic Adaptations to The Lotus Sutra’s Universal Gate Chapter on Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva

[[abstract]]　　〈普門品〉是觀世音菩薩於娑婆世界教化利益眾生的經典，隨著觀音信仰的普及，中國佛教藝術的開展，出現了以〈普門品〉為題材的觀音變相，涵蓋石窟壁畫、插畫繪本、絹畫、雕塑等不同媒材。在時代的演變及科技的進步知下，當今更重視圖像的傳達、創作，如圖像、影音等，這些是弘傳佛教經典的重要媒介與方式，在網絡便捷的21世紀，當代〈普門品〉變相在台灣、日本也出現了當代的圖文改編，為佛教藝術帶來演變與新意。　　本研究第二章爬梳〈普門品〉變相的起源，從印度流傳至中國的發展、傳播媒材、類型、人物形象、特色，提供〈普門品〉變相發展的前理解與背景知識。〈普門品〉流傳至今，當代變相發展則有漫畫、影音、繪本，本研究主要探討網路圖文，又以第三章探討《觀世因果》漫畫改編〈普門品〉之特色，從劇情、圖像、分格三個面向切入，劇情方面運用敘事學，探討故事主題思想、情節表現；圖像分析則運用圖像學及符號學，分析單元頁設計、角色造型以及漫符的運用，分格則探討其分鏡構成、格與格之間的轉換，從中得出漫畫的通俗性，貼近當代人的閱讀模式，讓讀者容易契入〈普門品〉的思想。第四章《観音経意訳絵本／かんのんきょう》繪本作品，從版面設計、內容分析及視覺設計特色三方面切入，運用圖像學、符號學、改編理論，探討圖與文之間的關係、分析文字與圖畫的敘事方法、創作者與作品的連結，為了因應時代潮流變化，繪本變相趨向精緻化且原創性強。　　本研究透由當代〈普門品〉的變相改編分析，目的旨在探討傳統與現代間變相的差異及特色，了解當代符合大眾審美的佛教藝術，以讓人懂的語言、藝術形式，為大眾所接受，當今更透過網路將〈普門品〉當代變相，無遠弗屆的傳播出去，實為佛教經典流傳的重要方式，進而接引人們趣入佛道，使人們開始重視傳播媒介對佛教經典傳播的重要性。[[abstract]]　　The Universal Gate Chapter is the Buddhist text that Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva teaches and benefits sentient beings in the Saha world. With the popularization of the belief in Avalokitesvara and the development of Buddhist art in China, there have been many graphic adaptations of Avalokitesvara based on the Universal Gate Chapter, including cave paintings, illustrations, silk paintings, and sculptures. With the evolution of the times and the advancement of technology, more emphasis is now placed on the transmission and creation of images, such as pictures and audio-visuals, which are important media and means of propagating Buddhist texts. In the 21st century, with the convenience of the Internet, modern graphic adaptations of the Universal Gate Chapter have emerged in Taiwan and Japan, bringing evolution and new ideas to Buddhist art.　　The second chapter of this study explores the origins of the graphic adaptation of the Universal Gate Chapter, its development, transmission medium, genres, character, and characteristics from India to China, providing prior understanding and background knowledge. Since the circulation of the Universal Gate Chapter to modern times, contemporary pictorial adaptations have extended to comics, audio-visuals, and picture books. Focusing on online graphic adaptations in this research, the third chapter examines the characteristics of the comic book adaptation of the Universal Gate Chapter, named Guanshiyinguo《觀世因果》through the plot, images, and the storyboard. Analysis of the storyline will be done through narratology, to discuss its main theme and how it is being presented; while analysis of the images will be through iconography and semiotics, on the design of the unit pages, character modeling, and the use of the manga symbols. The analysis of the storyboard will be on its structure and its transition, to derive the popularity of comics—how it adapts to the reading habits of people nowadays. The fourth chapter [looks into] the picture book named ”観音経意訳絵本／かんのんきょう”, examining the relationship between pictures and text, the narrative methods of words and pictures, and the connection between creators and their works, using iconography, semiotics, and the theory on adaptation to explore the three aspects of layout, content analysis, and visual design features. In response to the changing trends of the times, picture book adaptations are becoming more refined and original.　　The purpose of this study is to explore the differences and characteristics between traditional and modern variations of the Universal Gate Chapter and to understand the contemporary Buddhist art that meets the aesthetics and is accepted by the public in an understandable language and art form. Contemporary adaptations of the Universal Gate Chapter through the internet, enabling it to pervade vast and wide, thus truly an important method to the propagation of Buddhist texts. These adaptations in turn guide and bring interest in people to learn Buddhism, placing emphasis on the importance of media tools in the dissemination of Buddhist texts