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Failure of Sterne- and Pasteur-Like Strains of Bacillus anthracis to Replicate and Survive in the Urban Bluebottle Blow Fly Calliphora vicina under Laboratory Conditions
Britta von Terzi, Peter C. B. Turnbull, Wolfgang Beyer, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Environmental and Animal Hygiene, Stuttgart, GermanySteve E. Bellan, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of AmericaThis study aimed to elucidate the bacteriological events occurring within the gut of Calliphora vicina, selected as the European representative of blow flies held responsible for the spread of anthrax during epidemics in certain parts of the world. Green-fluorescent-protein-carrying derivatives of Bacillus anthracis were used. These lacked either one of the virulence plasmids pXO1 and pXO2 and were infected, or not infected, with a worm intestine phage (Wip4) known to influence the phenotype and survival of the pathogen. Blood meals were prepared for the flies by inoculation of sheep blood with germinated and, in case of pXO2+ strains, encapsulated cells of the four B. anthracis strains. After being fed for 4 h an initial 10 flies were externally disinfected with peracetic acid to ensure subsequent quantitation representing ingested B. anthracis only. Following neutralization, they were crushed in sterile saline. Over each of the ensuing 7 to 10 days, 10 flies were removed and processed the same way. In the absence of Wip4, strains showed steady declines to undetectable in the total B. anthracis counts, within 7â9 days. With the phage infected strains, the falls in viable counts were significantly more rapid than in their uninfected counterparts. Spores were detectable in flies for longer periods than vegetative bacteria. In line with the findings in both biting and non-biting flies of early workers our results indicate that B. anthracis does not multiply in the guts of blow flies and survival is limited to a matter of days.This work was funded by grant BE 2157/3-1 of the German Research Foundation (DFG). SEB was funded by a United States National Institute of General Medical Sciences MIDAS grant U01GM087719 to Lauren A. Meyers and Alison P. Galvani. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Center for Computational Biology and BioinformaticsEmail: [email protected]
Anisotropic creep model for soft soils
In this paper a new anisotropic model for time-dependent behaviour of soft soils is presented. The formulation is based on a previously developed isotropic creep model, assuming rotated Modified Cam Clay ellipses as contours of volumetric creep strain rates. A rotational hardening law is adopted to account for changes in anisotropy due to viscous strains. Although this will introduce some new soil parameters, they do not need calibration as they can be expressed as functions of basic soil parameters through simple analytical expressions. To start with, the one-dimensional response of the model is discussed, making it possible to explore how the model is capable of capturing key features of viscous soft soil behaviour. Subsequently, the three-dimensional generalisation of the model is presented, followed by comparison with experimental data, showing good agreement in both triaxial undrained compression and extension. In the authors' opinion, the simple formulation of the model makes it attractive for use in engineering practice
WĂźrttembergische Kunst, 1891 - 1916
WĂRTTEMBERGISCHE KUNST, 1891 - 1916
WĂźrttembergische Kunst, 1891 - 1916 ([1])
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Werbung (-)
Lageplan des Erdgeschosses / Kunstgebäude - Stuttgart - Erdgeschoss (-)
Mercedes [...] (-)
S. M. KĂśnig Wilhelm II. / Karl Unkauf (-)
Titelseite ([1])
Impressum (2)
Zur EinfĂźhrung (3)
Vorstand der Ausstellung (5)
Jury (6)
Allgemeine Bestimmungen (7)
Verkauf von Kunstwerken (8)
I. Malerei ([9])
II. Zeichnende KĂźnste ([31])
III. Bildhauerei ([47])
Eseltreiber / A. Braith (1)
Orientalische Pferde / O. v. Faber Du Faur (2)
Spielendes Kind / J. GrĂźnwald (3)
Feuerbach / O. Reiniger (4)
Weiblicher Akt / H. Pleuer (5)
Ernte am Starnberger See / A. Kappis (6)
Der Schleifer / Fr. v. Keller (7)
Ebbe Nieuport / C. Grethe (8)
Weisse Klatschrosen / A. C. v. Otterstedt (9)
Die NeckarbrĂźcke bei Esslingen / G. SchĂśnleber (10)
FrĂźhling / Chr. Landenberger (11)
Heimweg / R. v. Haug (12)
Ritter und Pferd / L. Heriterich (13)
Drei Kinder mit Buben / H. v. ZĂźgel (14)
Velazquezprinzessin / Graf L. v. Kalckreuth (15)
Balingen / Marie Caspar-Filser (16)
Violinspieler / R. Winternitz (17)
Wiesental im Mai / K. Schickhardt (18)
Reiterkampf / Chr. Speyer (19)
Landschaft / E. Starker (20)
Stilleben / A. Faure (21)
Johannes auf Patmos / Karl Caspar (22)
Seb. Bach / A. v. Donndorf (23)
Wisent / Theodor Georgii (24)
Betender Mann / A. Waldschmidt (25)
Kinderfigur / Jacob BrĂźllmann (26)
Quartett / A. Eckener (27)
Kreuzigungsgruppe / W. Widemann (28)
Schwere Arbeit / H. Seufferheld (29)
Weibliche Figur / R. Poetzelberger (30)
Merkur / G. A. Bredow (31)
Studie Z. Hagar / A. Schmidt (32)
Junges Mädchen / Max Bezner (33)
Bergsteiger / Ernst Geiger (34)
Mädchen am See / Daniel Stocker (35)
Schlossplatz / H. Rath (36)
Grablegung / Friedrich Thuma (37)
BĂźste / Karl Donndorf (38)
Bildnis / R. Schmidt (39)
Kriegshund Max / karl Widmann (40)
G. C. Kessler [...] (-)
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Die Stuttgarter Stadterweiterung
DIE STUTTGARTER STADTERWEITERUNG
Die Stuttgarter Stadterweiterung (-)
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Stuttgart im Jahre 1900 (-)
InhaltsĂźbersicht ([V])
Einleitung ([VII])
Begleitschrift zum projektierten Stadterweiterungsplan ([1])
Die Stadterweiterung unter volkswirtschaftlichem Gesichtspunkt (-)
Erwiderung von Stadtbaurat KĂślle auf die Schrift des Gemeinderats Dr. Rettich ([96])
Gutachten des I. Stadtarztes Dr. Knauss (-)
Hygienisches Gutachten (-)
Bericht der Kommission fĂźr die Begutachtung des Projekts der Stadterweiterung vom kĂźnstlerischen Standpunkt aus ([178])
Die Hauptgesichtspunkte der Stuttgarter Stadterweiterung (-)
Auszug aus der Schrift "Weiträumiger Städtebau und Wohnungsfrage" (-)
Vorschläge des Architekten- und Ingenieur-Vereins zu Hannover (-)
Vortrag zum Städtebau (-)
Ăbersichts-Plan Ăźber die projectierten Stadterweiterungen mit den von Oberbaurat Baumeister vorgeschlagenen Abänderungen an Strassen (-)
Ăbersichts-Plan Ăźber die projectierten Stadterweiterungen (-)
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Verzeichnis der bau- und heimatgeschichtlich wichtigen Gebäude und Denkmäler in Stuttgart
VERZEICHNIS DER BAU- UND HEIMATGESCHICHTLICH WICHTIGEN GEBĂUDE UND DENKMĂLER IN STUTTGART
Verzeichnis der bau- und heimatgeschichtlich wichtigen Gebäude und Denkmäler in Stuttgart (-)
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Stuttgart (1)
Stadtteil Birkach (66)
Stadtteil Botnang (68)
Stadtteil Bad Cannstatt (73)
Stadtteil Degerloch (105)
Stadtteil Feuerbach (110)
Stadtteil Hedelfingen (115)
Stadtteil Heumaden (117)
Stadtteil Hofen am Neckar (118)
Stadtteil Kaltental (121)
Stadtteil MĂśhringen (125)
Stadtteil MĂźhlhausen (130)
Stadtteil MĂźnster (132)
Stadtteil ObertĂźrkheim (136)
Stadtteil Plieningen (140)
Stadtteil Riedenberg (zu Birkach) (143)
Stadtteil Rohr (144)
Stadtteil Rohracker (145)
Stadtteil Rotenberg (147)
Stadtteil Sillenbuch (150)
Stadtteil Stammheim (152)
Stadtteil Uhlbach (155)
Stadtteil UntertĂźrkheim (157)
Stadtteil Vaihingen (165)
Stadtteil Wangen (170)
Stadtteil Weil im Dorf (173)
Stadtteil Zazenhausen (178)
Stadtteil Zuffenhausen (181)
Nachtrag von Stuttgart (187)
Nachtrag von Bad Cannstatt (190)
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Ortsbaustatut der KĂśnigl. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Stuttgart vom 15. Juli 1874
ORTSBAUSTATUT DER KĂNIGL. HAUPT- UND RESIDENZSTADT STUTTGART VOM 15. JULI 1874
Ortsbaustatut der KĂśnigl. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Stuttgart vom 15. Juli 1874 (-)
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A. Ortsbaustatut von 1874 §§. 1-81 ([1])
B. Dienstinstruktion der Ortsbaukontroleure von 1880-81 §§. 1-15 ([44])
C. Dienstinstruktion fßr den Baukontroleur der Stadtdirektion Stuttgart §§. 1-8 ([49])
D. Anhang, betreffend die Behandlung der Bausachen in Stuttgart ([53])
Startseite ([64])
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Internationalism, Regionalism, and National Culture: Music Control in Bavaria, 1945â1948
For many Germans in the immediate postwar period, all that remained of their country was its art. Subjugation, destruction, the pain of unfathomable guilt: these had ripped away at the national psyche, severing nation from nationalism, person from people, the present from the past. âWe are,â wrote Wolfgang Borchert in 1946, âa generation without a homecoming, because we have nothing to which we can return.â Nation: what would that word now mean? An occupied state no longer possessing statehood, a conquered people starved even of the moral strength that might come from resisting. Even if the institutions of national governance could be recreated, they could have no historical legitimacy; if Bonn were not to be Weimar, it would equally not be the kaisersâ or the FĂźhrerâs Berlin. For many, refuge from the shaming of the nation lay, as Theodor Heuss reflected, in a âdecentralizing of the emotions,â in a âflightâ to those fields âwhere the violence of the great political world shake-up is not felt so directly.â This drove literate Germans back to Goethe and music lovers to the endlessly-performed postwar symphonic cycles of Brahms and Beethoven. And yet, escaping into what Jost Hermand aptly termed âthe protective wall of self-absorptionâ did not completely preclude connection to the national community of Germans. In fact, a powerful communion with the whole might still come through the personal enjoyment of a shared art or culture. In art might reside the essence of the national community, a stateless collectivity, without territories perhaps, but with borders and guardians nonetheless
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