Entrepreneurial Behaviour: A Research Outlook

Entrepreneurial behaviour is central to understanding how entrepreneurs create, develop, maintain and grow new organisations. Despite the importance of entrepreneurial behaviour as a theoretical construct to understand the process of entrepreneurship, extant research is fragmented and lacks a coherent framework as to how entrepreneurial behaviour is enacted in different contexts. In order to address this, this chapter first defines what is traditionally associated with the term. Building on a conceptualisation of entrepreneurial behaviour as action-oriented and observable, a rationale is then provided as to why an individual, contextual and micro-foundational approach is both timely and pertinent. The chapter concludes with a suggested future research agenda including illustrative research questions in order to advance theoretical development with the entrepreneurial behavioural domain

Assessing farmers’ perspectives on climate change for effective farm-level adaptation measures in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Agriculture is considered as the backbone of the economy of Pakistan. However, current changes in climate have been adversely affecting agricultural productivity. In this paper, perceived impacts of climate change on agriculture and adaptation towards it have been studied in Charsadda district (lowlands) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan through extensive field surveys, involving 116 farm households. Results have revealed that climate change factors including fluctuating temperature, evidence of yearly long droughts, and a steady shift in rainfall patterns have pressured the agriculture sector and livelihoods of the local peasants. The staggering floods of 2010 and 2011 in Pakistan have evidenced severe climatic changes in Pakistan. These countrywide floods have washed fertile soil in the study area that has directly contributed to losses in agricultural yield and increased vector-borne diseases in crops. The local farmers have commonly deployed adaptive measure such as crops diversification, changing fertilizer, and planting shaded trees to minimize the impacts of changes in climate. However, these adjustments measures are perceived as not appropriate for improving farm yield. Therefore, the study suggests that improved understanding of the climate change impacts and knowledge on adapting adequately will lead to no-regret adaptation. It will also help protecting farmer's lives and livelihoods and will boost their resilience towards changing climatic conditions