NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset

Armadilhas fotográficas na amostragem de mamíferos: considerações metodológias e comparação de equipamentos Use of camera traps in mammal sampling: methodological considerations and comparison of equipments

A utilização de armadilhas fotográficas em estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil é recente. O alto custo dos equipamentos e os constantes gastos com material de consumo podem, em alguns casos, limitar o número de unidades e o tempo de amostragem. O presente estudo objetivou discutir questões metodológicas visando otimizar a utilização do equipamento no inventário de mamíferos, além de comparar dois modelos de armadilhas fotográficas. O estudo foi desenvolvido na Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia, no centro-norte do estado do Espírito Santo entre janeiro de 2002 e novembro de 2003, utilizando três Wildlife Pro Camera© (WPC) e quatro DeerCam©. Constatou-se a importância da realização de amostragens em diferentes fitofisionomias, tendo sido observadas variações na composição da comunidade registrada em cada ambiente. Foi detectada uma correlação significativa entre número de espécies registradas e esforço de amostragem empregado em cada trilha, ressaltando o registro de 60% ou mais dos táxons amostrados em trilhas com esforço > 250 armadilhas-dia. Houve predomínio de registros noturnos (67%), embora o número de espécies registradas durante a noite tenha sido semelhante ao obtido ao longo do dia. Quando as armadilhas foram colocadas em pares, apenas 27% das fotografias foram simultâneas. Os equipamentos utilizados apresentaram diferenças significativas na durabilidade e eficiência na amostragem de mamíferos, tanto dentro como entre as marcas testadas.<br>The use of camera traps is quite recent in Brazil. The high cost of equipments and constant expenses with supplies can, in some circumstances, limit the number of units to be deployed and sampling effort. The present study discusses methodological issues aiming at optimizing the use of these traps in mammalian inventories and also provides a comparison of two brands of equipments. The study was carried out in Santa Lúcia Biological Station (SLBS) in Center-north Espirito Santo state between January 2002 and November 2003, using three Wildlife Pro Camera© (WPC) units and four DeerCam© units. We realized the importance of sampling in different phitophysiognomies as they varied in mammal community. We detected a significant correlation between species richness and sampling effort in each trail, observing that 60% or more of species richness recorded in SLBS was obtained when sampling effort was > 250 camera-trap nights/trail. Nocturnal records predominated (67%) although the number of recorded species was similar between night and day. When camera traps were set in pairs, only 27% of records were simultaneous. The tested units showed significant differences in durability and efficiency, both within and between brands

Non-volant mammals of Carlos Botelho State Park, Paranapiacaba Forest Continuum

A Mata Atlântica é o bioma melhor conhecido em relação à mastofauna no Brasil, contudo ainda assim apresenta uma série de lacunas de conhecimento sobre a persistência e distribuição de espécies, o que representa um risco adicional à conservação de mamíferos. Neste trabalho, através da coleta de dados por diferentes métodos - armadilhas fotográficas, censos diurnos, registro de vestígios, armadilhas de queda e captura viva - ao longo de oito anos (2004-2012), foi realizado o inventário da mastofauna não voadora do Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (SP). No total foram registradas 53 espécies, sendo 12 espécies ameaçadas regionalmente e uma exótica (Lepus europaeus), com a presença da maioria dos mamíferos esperados para o Continuum Florestal da Serra do Paranapiacaba. A comunidade de mamíferos não voadores quase completa, e a presença de espécies ameaçadas reforçam o papel desta área protegida para a conservação de mamíferos na Mata Atlântica. Embora, a extinção local de uma espécie, Tayassu pecari, alerte para a necessidade de medidas efetivas de proteção.The Atlantic Forest is one of the most studied Brazilian biomes in relation to its mammalian fauna. However, there is still a series of gaps of knowledge about the distribution and persistence of some of these species which prevents taking adequate conservation measures to better protect the mammals. In order to make the inventory of the non-volant mammalian fauna of the Carlos Botelho State Park (SP), we compiled data of camera trapping, diurnal census, track records, pitfall and live trapping collected over 8 years (2004-2012). We registered a total of 53 species, of which 12 are regionally threatened and one is an exotic species (Lepus europaeus), including the presence of most mammal species expected for the Paranapiacaba Forest Continuum. The high non-volant mammals species richness allied to the presence of threatened species, strengthen the role of this protected area for mammal conservation in the Atlantic Forest. Although, the local extinction of one species, Tayassu pecari, alert to the need for effective measures of protection