The term "carcinoid" is a misnomer: the evidence based on local invasion

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Since Oberndorfer proposed the term "carcinoid" in 1907, over 100 years have passed. This attractive term was initially proposed for 6 cases of his own experience with 12 submucosal lesions in the small intestine.</p> <p>Oberndorfer summarized the characteristic features of these lesions as follows: (1) small in size and often multiple, (2) histologically undifferentiated with a suggestion of gland-formation, (3) well-defined without any tendency to infiltrate the surroundings, (4) no metastases, and (5) apparently slow-growing reaching no significant size with a seemingly harmless nature.</p> <p>Review</p> <p>This article stresses the malignant nature of "carcinoid" on the basis of local invasion prior to metastases in the first two sessions, (1) with Oberndorfer's original diagram, and (2) with an experimental observation on extraglandular microcarcinoid in a form of "budding".</p> <p>Next, (3) a statistical comparison between a carcinoid group and a non-carcinoid ordinary carcinoma group is introduced on metastasis rates at an early stage with two prescribed factors of the depth of invasion restricted within the submucosa (sm-lesion) and a small tumor size category of 1 cm to 2 cm: the carcinoid group exhibited metastasis rates higher than those in the ordinary carcinoma group when calculated in the stomach and rectum.</p> <p>In the author's experience, "carcinoids" are malignant not only in the gastrointestinal tract but also in the other sites on the basis of local invasion.</p> <p>Lastly, (4) discussion on the terminology of "carcinoid" as a misnomer is carried out.</p> <p>Adequate terms referring to the entity of this malignant tumor group are discussed. One of the most adequate and brief terms for "carcinoid" that is included now in neuroendocrine tumor group would be "endocrinocarcinoma" as per the author's proposal, followed by NEC (neuroendocrinocarcinoma) or GEC (gut endocrinocarcinoma).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The term "carcinoid" is a misnomer that can be confirmed on the basis of local invasion prior to metastases. "No metastases without local invasion" is not of a negligible importance.</p

An investigation into the sample preparation procedure and analysis of cyanoacrylate adhesives using capillary electrophoresis

In this study, the trace acid profile of cyanoacrylate adhesives was studied using capillary electrophoresis. Liquid–liquid extraction was employed as the sample preparation step before separation by capillary electrophoresis. The solubility of the adhesives was investigated using various organic solvents, e.g. hexane and dichloromethane, and chloroform was determined to be the optimum solvent as it enabled the full dissolution of the adhesive. A comprehensive stability study was performed over a 3-year period and results indicate that the adhesives were stable for 2 years after which their stability and performance degraded

Experimentally observed evolution between dynamic patterns and intrinsic localized modes in a driven nonlinear electrical cyclic lattice

Locked intrinsic localized modes (ILMs) and large amplitude lattice spatial modes (LSMs) have been experimentally measured for a driven 1-D nonlinear cyclic electric transmission line, where the nonlinear element is a saturable capacitor. Depending on the number of cells and electrical lattice damping a LSM of fixed shape can be tuned across the modal spectrum. Interestingly, by tuning the driver frequency away from this spectrum an LSM can be continuously converted into ILMs and visa versa. The differences in pattern formation between simulations and experimental findings are due to a low concentration of impurities. Through this novel nonlinear excitation and switching channel in cyclic lattices either energy balanced or unbalanced LSMs and ILMs may occur. Because of the general nature of these dynamical results for nonintegrable lattices applications are to be expected. The ultimate stability of driven aero machinery containing nonlinear periodic structures may be one example.Comment: 7 pages 7 figure

Distributed Fiber Optics Strain Measurements for Monitoring Geotechnical Structures

Recent advances in strain measurement using optical fibers provide new opportunities for monitoring the performance of geotechnical structures during and after construction. Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry (BOTDR) is an innovative technique that allows measurement of full strain profiles using standard optical fibers. In this paper, two case studies illustrating the application of the distributed optical fiber strain sensors are presented. One is monitoring of an old masonry tunnel when a new tunnel was constructed nearby and the other is monitoring the behavior of secant piled walls for basement construction. Both sites are located in London. The advantages and limitations of this new sensor technology for monitoring geotechnical structures are discussed

Simulation of noise within BOTDA and COTDR systems to study the impact on dynamic sensing

Abstract Real-time structural health monitoring requires dynamic sensing of distributed strain and temperature. Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) and Rayleigh Coherent Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (COTDR) are promising candidates to achieve dynamic sensing. A noise model with specific parametric simulation of independent laser and detector noise sources has been developed. Although ensemble averaging significantly enhances the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in both systems, its time-consuming accumulation procedure prevents dynamic sensing. The sequence of averaging in the signal processing workflow varies the SNR for both systems. The system components should be optimized to reduce averaging times and achieve the required system specifications, including dynamic sensing.This project was carried out under the UCL-Cambridge Centre for Doctoral Training in Photonic Systems Development, with funding from EPSRC (EP/G037256/1) gratefully acknowledged. The support from the Cambridge Centre for Smart Infrastructure and Construction is also acknowledged. Special acknowledgement to Prof Aldo Minardo for his profound advice and discussion on the BOTDA model.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Massey University Press via http://www.s2is.org/Issues/v8/n3/papers/paper8.pd

Oncometabolites:linking altered metabolism with cancer

The discovery of cancer-associated mutations in genes encoding key metabolic enzymes has provided a direct link between altered metabolism and cancer. Advances in mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance technologies have facilitated high-resolution metabolite profiling of cells and tumors and identified the accumulation of metabolites associated with specific gene defects. Here we review the potential roles of such "oncometabolites" in tumor evolution and as clinical biomarkers for the detection of cancers characterized by metabolic dysregulation

Performance monitoring of a secant piled wall using distributed fiber optic strain sensing

An optical fiber strain sensing technique, based on Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR), was used to monitor the performance of a secant pile wall subjected to multiple props during construction of an adjacent basement in London. Details of the installation of sensors as well as data processing are described. Distributed strain profiles were obtained by deriving strain measurements from optical fibers installed on opposite sides of the pile to allow monitoring of both axial and lateral movements along the pile. Methods for analyzing the thermal strain and temperature compensation are also presented. Measurements obtained from the BOTDR were found to be in good agreement with inclinometer data from the adjacent piles. The relative merits of the two different techniques are discussed