Benzene removal by pac in jet flocculation system

A jet flocculator/powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption pilot plant was designed, built, and operated in order to evaluate a water treatment process capable of simultaneous adsorption of benzene and flocculation of PAC and silica clay particles. The jet flocculation/PAC system successfully combined, in the same reactor, flocculation of suspended solids by using jet mixing, solids retention using pall rings, and benzene removal by PAC adsorption. The advantages of this process included operational simplicity, reliability, and low energy consumption. The jet flocculator/PAC adsorption system was able to achieve suspended solids and benzene removals of approximately 80 and 95%, respectively, from an influent containing 70 mg/L of suspended solids (silica clay and PAC) and 100 μg/L of benzene. ©ASCE

Características quantitativas da carcaça de cordeiros deslanados Morada Nova em função da relação volumoso:concentrado na dieta Quantitative characteristics of the carcass of Morada Nova lambs fed different dietary ratios of forage and concentrate

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da relação volumoso:concentrado sobre a composição tecidual e os rendimentos de carcaça e de cortes comerciais de cordeiros Morada Nova em confinamento, utilizaram-se 18 cordeiros com peso vivo (PV) inicial de 15 kg, distribuídos em seis grupos de três animais (um em cada dieta), de acordo com a relação volumoso(V):concentrado(C): 40:60, 55:45 e 70:30. Foram avaliados os pesos de corpo vazio (PCV), de carcaça quente (PCQ) e de carcaça fria (PCF), a partir dos quais foram calculados os rendimentos biológico (RB), de carcaça quente (RCQ) e de carcaça fria (RCF) e a perda de peso por resfriamento (PPR). A carcaça foi dividida em cinco cortes cárneos (perna, lombo, costelas, paleta e pescoço), os quais foram pesados para cálculo de seus rendimentos em relação ao peso da meia-carcaça. A perna foi dissecada em músculo, osso e gordura e os pesos desses tecidos foram expressos em peso absoluto e em porcentagem da perna. Calcularam-se as relações músculo:osso e músculo:gordura, o índice de musculosidade da perna (IMP) e a área de olho-de-lombo (AOL). O aumento de 30 para 60% de concentrado na dieta elevou os rendimentos de carcaça quente e carcaça fria, assim como o rendimento biológico. Os crescentes teores de concentrado na dieta não afetaram a porcentagem de músculo na perna, mas proporcionaram maior deposição de gordura e maior área de olho-de-lombo.<br>Eighteen lambs averaging initial body weight (BW) of 15 kg were allotted to six groups of three animals (one lamb per diet) and were fed diets with following forage:concentrate ratios (F:C): 1) 40F:60C; 2) 55F:45C; or 3) 70F:30C. Lambs of each group were slaughtered when the animal fed the diet with the highest concentrate level reached 25 kg of BW. Animals were slaughtered after 16 h of fasting (feed and water). After obtaining the slaughter body weight (SBW), animals were anesthetized by electric discharge and killed by bleeding of the carotid arteries and jugular veins. Blood was then collected and weigthed. Soon after evisceration, skin, head and extremities of the fore and rear members were removed. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) was emptied, weighted and the value added to that of blood to obtain the empty body weight (EBW), which was calculated by subtracting SBW from GIT + blood weights. The carcasses were weighted and stored at 4&deg;C within a 24-hours period. The empty body (EBW), hot carcass (HCW) and cold carcass weights (CCW) were all used to calculate the biological (BY), hot carcass (HCY) and cold carcass yields (CCY) as well as the weight loss by cooling process (CWL). The carcass was divided in five cuts (leg, loin, ribs, shoulder clod and neck) that were weighted for calculation of cut yields. The leg was dissected in muscle, bone and fat, and weights of these tissues were expressed in absolute weight and in percentage of leg weight. The muscle:bone and muscle:fat ratios, index of leg muscularity (ILM) and the loin eye area (LEA) were also calculated. Increasing dietary concentrate from 30 to 60% increased not only hot and cold carcass yields but also biological yield. The increasing levels of concentrate in the diet showed no effect on the percentage of leg muscle. However, it was observed an increase in both fat deposition and rib eye area

Rendimentos de carcaça, composição tecidual e musculosidade da perna de cordeiros alimentados com silagem de milho ou cana-de-açúcar em dois níveis de concentrado Carcass yield, tissue composition, and leg muscularity of lambs fed corn silage or sugar cane in two levels of concentrate

Avaliou-se o efeito da relação volumoso:concentrado e do tipo de volumoso nos rendimentos de carcaça e dos cortes comerciais, e sobre a composição dos tecidos e musculosidade da perna de 32 cordeiros Ile de France, terminados em confinamento, alimentados com silagem de milho ou cana-de-açúcar, em duas relações volumoso:concentrado: de 60:40 ou 40:60. Os cordeiros foram abatidos aos 32kg de peso corporal; calcularam-se o peso e o rendimento da carcaça quente (PCQ e RCQ). Após 24 horas de refrigeração, obtiveram-se o peso e o rendimento da carcaça fria (PCF e RCF), o rendimento verdadeiro e as perdas por resfriamento. As carcaças foram divididas em cinco cortes comerciais, paleta, lombo, perna, costelas e pescoço, e a perna foi dissecada em músculo, osso e gordura, calculando-se as relações músculo:osso e músculo:gordura, além do índice de musculosidade da perna. Os cordeiros alimentados com silagem de milho apresentaram maiores PCQ (16,05kg), PCF (15,61kg), RCQ (50,4%) e RCF (49,0%). O rendimento de lombo foi menor nos cordeiros alimentados com cana-de-açúcar (9,1%). A cana-de-açúcar e a silagem de milho nas duas relações volumoso:concentrado estudadas não afetaram as proporções de osso, músculo e gordura e musculosidade da perna, e podem constituir a dieta desses animais sem diminuir as proporções desses tecidos, responsáveis pela qualidade da carne.<br>The effects of roughage:concentrate ratio and type of roughage were evaluated on the carcass yield and commercial cuts, and tissue composition and leg muscularity of 32 Ile de France lambs finished in feedlot and fed corn silage or sugar cane in two roughage:concentrate ratios: 60:40 or 40:60. The lambs were slaughtered with 32kg of body weight and the weight and yield of hot carcass (WHC and YHC) were determined. After refrigerated for 24h in cold camera, the weight and yield of cold carcass (WCC and YCC), real yield, and weight loss for cooling were obtained. The carcass was divided in five commercial cuts (shoulder, loin, leg, ribs, and neck), and the leg was dissected on muscle, bone, and fat, and the relations muscle:bone and muscle:fat and also the leg muscularity index were calculated. The lambs fed corn silage showed higher WHC (16.05kg), WCC (15.61kg), YHC (50.42%), and YCC (49.03%). The loin yield was lower in lambs fed sugar cane (9.11%). The sugar cane and corn silage in this two roughage:concentrate ratios did not affect the proportions of muscle, bone, and fat, and leg muscularity. Therefore, they can be used in diets for animals without reducing the proportions of these tissues, that are related to meat quality