PREVALENCE OF URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN PART OF OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

The current study is to apply molecular techniques in producing data on the prevalence of urinary Schistosomiasis in parts of Ogun state, Nigeria. This study evaluated the prevalence of S. haematobium in urine samples collected from 250 primary school pupils in 8 communities of 8 local government areas (LGAs). The number of pupils selected are 48 from Ijebu Ogbere ((Ijebu East LGA), 20 from Fidiwo (Obafemi Owode LGA), 40 from Sabo (Shagamu LGA), 22 from Iweke (Yewa South LGA), 20 from Ketu/Adiowe (Ado Odo/Ota LGA), 36 from Abule-titun (Odeda LGA), 24 from Itori (Ewekoro LGA) and 40 from Ijoun (Yewa North LGA) of Ogun State, Nigeria Urine samples from 250 pupils were screened for Schistosomiasis using haematuria and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of schistosoma Dra1repeat. Heamaturia revealed 28.8% prevalence rate among the pupils while PCR showed 45.6%. Results revealed a cumulative prevalence of 29% and 46% S. haematobium infection in the pupils as detected by haematuria and PCR techniques respectively. Ijebu Ogbere recorded the highest prevalence of 83.0% and 64.5% PCR and haematuria respectively. This was followed by Abule titun (66.6%) and (33.3%), Ijoun (55%) and (27.5%), Shagamu (35%) and (25.0%), Iweke (27.2%) and (13.6%), Itori (25%) and (16.6%) and Fidiwo recorded the least prevalence of 10% and 5.0% respectively. The mean prevalence of schistosomiasis for PCR and haematuria dip stick were 37.7% and 23.2% respectively.  The proportion of males infected using haematuria were 16% when compared to females 13%, whereas the ratio by PCR was males (22%) and females (23%). There was a high prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection among the participants. PCR was able to detect infection in cases otherwise shown to be negative by haematuria, thereby making possible for all the infected participants to receive treatment. Key Words:PCR-RFLP;  Urinary schistosomiasis; Prevalence; Pupils; Ijebu east;

Epidemiological Factors in Prevalence of Malaria Parasites in Primary Health Facilities Attendees, Ogun State, Nigeria

Malaria caused by Plasmodium species is often observed in areas where malaria is endemic. Malaria prevalence in metropolitan Abeokuta of Ogun State, Nigeria was studied between October, 2012 and January 2013. Oral interviews were used to get personal data of participants. Blood samples were obtained from 384 consented participants from the seven primary health centers. Blood film examination using Giemsa staining techniques was used to detect malaria parasites in the blood. From the 384 participants examined 273 (71.1%) were positive with malaria parasites. Species detected included Plasmodium falciparum (95.6%), Plasmodium malariae (3.3%), P. ovale (0.7%) and P. vivax (0.4%). The age-group 1-11 years had the highest malaria prevalence 94 (81%) while 51-60 had the least 6(54.5%). The malaria prevalence in relation to age was significant (p=0.011, p<0.05). The males 110 (73.8%) were slightly more affected than the females 163 (69.4%), but not statistically significant (p=0.347, p>0.05). Malaria prevalence was significantly higher among those with no formal education 80 (81.6%) and least among post-secondary educational. Prevalence among occupational groups showed significant difference, where the unemployed group were more infected and the retiree group had the least infection (p=0.014, p<0.05). The singles (56.4%) were more infected than the married (43.6%). The prevalence in relation to age was significant (p=0.000, p<0.05). The study has revealed that malaria disease can affect all age groups and both males and females’ sexes irrespective of their educational and occupational cadre. Public enlightenment efforts need to be intensified towards the prevention of malaria

The effects of surface soil exchangeable cations on the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides in Ogun State, Nigeria

The study examined the association between surface soil physico-chemical properties and the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides in Ogun State. A school-based prevalence survey was carried out among 1,800 school pupils randomly selected from five Local Government Areas (LGAs) representing the major soil-geological zones in relation to their parent rocks namely: Odeda LGA (undifferentiated Basement Complex), Obafemi/Owode LGA (Sandstone-Abeokuta Formation), Ewekoro LGA (Upper Coal Measure Ewekoro formation), Ado-Odo/Otta LGA (Coastal Plain Sands I-Alfisols), and Ogun Waterside LGA (Coastal Plain Sands II-Utisols). Kato smear method was used to determine the indirect prevalence and intensity of infection while drug (Levamisole) administration was used to determine the direct prevalence and intensity of infection, in addition to analysis of the physico-chemical characteristics of the surface soil samples from the LGAs. The overall indirect prevalence of infection was Ascaris lumbricoides (72.5%), Hookworm (8.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (6.0%). The direct prevalence for A.lumbricoides was 48.5%. The physico-chemical studies of surface soils (5cm depth) from the LGAs showed that sand/silt content and pH varied significantly among the soils. The total nitrogen and exchangeable cations (Mg++, Ca++, K+, and Na+) also vary significantly (

The effects of surface soil physico-chemical properties on the prevalence of helmiths in Ogun State, Nigeria

No Abstract. Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 9(2) 2005: 13-2

Re-infection patterns of ascariasis among school children in Ogun State, Nigeria

A study was conducted to determine the direct prevalence, intensity and re-infection pattern of ascariasis among school pupils aged 6-17 years in Ogun State, Nigeria; 2,837 primary school pupils randomly selected from twenty schools in five Local Government Areas (LGAs) namely: Odeda, Obafemi/Owode, Ewekoro, Ado-Odo/Otta, and Ogun Waterside were enlisted for the study. Drug (Levamisole) administration was used to determine the direct prevalence, intensity and the re-infection patterns of infection. The overall direct prevalence for A.lumbricoides was 48.5%. Obafemi/Owode had the highest mean infection rate of 62.6%, followed by Ogun Waterside (59.19%), Odeda (44.8%), Ewekoro (34.2%) and Ado-Odo/Otta (25.6%). Male pupils were slightly more infected (51.9%) than females (48.1%) and also had higher mean intensity (2.2) than females (1.7). Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the infection rates in both sexes (t=2.60, p=0.234). The cumulative numbers of worms expelled by pupils in the LGAs were Ogun Waterside 778 (39.5%), Obafemi/Owode 768 (39%), Odeda 216 (11%), Ewekoro 152 (7.7%) and Ado-Odo/Otta 55 (2.8%). The morphometric studies revealed that of the 1969 worms voided, adult worms accounted for 92.7% while young worms formed only 7.3%. Re-infection of pupils with ascariasis from different LGAs varied. The calculated monthly re-infection rates (X) were: Ewekoro (1.6%), Odeda (2.3%), Ado-Odo/Otta (2.3%), Ogun Waterside (3.8%), and Obafemi/Owode (4.2%); with a mean value of 2.84% for Ogun State. The re-infection time (N months) are Ado-Odo/Otta (12.7), Ogun Waterside (21.8), Obafemi/Owode (22.92), Odeda (25.45), and Ewekoro (25.9). The mean value for N in Ogun State was 21.75, which implies that it would require 22 months for initial equilibrium of A.lumbricoides infection to be attained in school pupils in Ogun State, Nigeria. Keywords: Ascaris lumbricoides, reinfection, primary school pupils, Ogun State Nigerian Journal of Parasitology Vol. 25, 2004: 7-1

Evaluation of Questionnaire, Reagent Strip and Egg Count as Diagnostic Techniques for Confirming Urinary Schistosomiasis in School Children, Edo State, Nigeria

A longitudinal study covering 55 months evaluated the three diagnostic tools used for confirmation of prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among 1151 consented primary school pupils in 13 communities of Edo State, Nigeria. Questionnaire, reagent strip method and parasitological  examination were employed. Urine samples collected were processed using centrifugation and concentration method and deposits examined microscopically for eggs of Schistosoma haematobium. The mean  prevalence from the three diagnostic methods was 32%, as prevalence by questionnaire method was 19%, reagent strip (56%) and microscopy (21%). Age related prevalence of infection for the three methods was observed to increase with increasing age of the pupils. Sex related prevalence of infection was observed to be slightly higher in males (25%) than in females (17%) but not statistically significant (p&gt;0.01). There was a significant relationship between questionnaire study and S. haematobium infection. Self-diagnosis with the aid of gross haematuria was a reliable diagnostic tool for S. haematobium infection, because, the difference between it and the gold standard method was insignificant. In conclusion, therefore, the reagent strip haematuria was shown to be a good indicator of S. haematobium infection that could be used repeatedly but a  combination of the three indicators had been established as a better predictor of S. haematobium infection. The sensitivity and specificity of ‘passing out blood in urine’ reading alone may be sufficient for field conditions in extremely resource –poor settings where no urine reagent strips are available. This may be used as an indicator for infection to detectthe most severely infected individuals by the Primary Health Care workers.Keywords: Diagnostic Techniques, Urinary Schistosomiasis, School Children, Edo State, Nigeria

Knowledge and practices on malaria treatment measures among pregnant women in Aveokuta, Nigeria

No Abstract

Continued high endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis in Ogun State, Nigeria

Four hundred and fifty respondents were examined for urinary schistosomiasis in Ibaro-Oyan and Abule Titun communities that depend on the Oyan Dam for their livelihood. Using laboratory examination of urine samples and structured questionnaire, prevalence was 86.0% Ibaro-Oyan and 88.0% Abule-Titun. Males were more infected (89% Ibaro-Oyan and 96% Abule Titun) than females (82% and 74% respectively). Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in infection rates between sexes (p>0.005). Sixty-seven per cent males and 53% females in Ibaro-Oyan and 64% males and 53% females in Abule Titun had observable haematuria in their urine. Most respondents (97.4% and 99.6%) from Ibaro-Oyan and Abule Titun rely heavily on the Oyan Dam for source of water and also aware that infection is due to their water contact activities with the dam. The continued high endemicity could be reduced if the Ogun State government incorporates the political will to eliminate the scourge

Comparative effectiveness of malaria preventive measures on pregnancy outcome in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

The burden of malaria and its associated problems in pregnancy can be reduced by the use of different malaria preventive measures. This study was conducted to determine the comparative effectiveness of three different malaria preventive measures on populations of parturient in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Blood samples from maternal placenta were collected from 211 parturient. Blood films were prepared, stained with 10% giemsa and observed for malaria parasites under the microscope. Relevant maternal demographic characteristics were obtained from the parturient and chi-square test was conducted to measure relationships using SPSS version 16.0. A low prevalence of maternal and placental malaria infections were recorded among parturient that used either Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN) or Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) during pregnancy (p&lt;0.05), compared with those who did not. Only maternal peripheral blood malaria parasite infection showed a significant relationship (p&lt;0.05) with dosage of IPT taken. Malaria parasite infection of the maternal peripheral, placenta and cord blood were significantly high with increase in gestational age at which IPT was first administered. High proportion of parturient who employed only one preventive measure during pregnancy significantly had maternal, placenta and cord malaria parasite infections (p&lt;0.05) compared with mothers who combined two or more preventive measures. Parturient that received IPT during pregnancy recorded a significantly low (p&lt;0.05) occurrence of poor pregnancy outcome, compared to those that did not. IPT and LLIN proved to be very useful tools in combating malaria infections if used early in pregnancy.Keywords: prevention, malaria, placenta, cord, gestation, parturien