Prevalence and Determinants of Obesity among Primary School Children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Childhood obesity has increased dramatically and has become a public health concern worldwide. Childhood obesity is likely to persist through adulthood and may lead to early onset of NCDs. However, there is paucity of data on obesity among primary school children in Tanzania. This study assessed the prevalence and determinants of obesity among primary school children in Dar es Salaam. A cross sectional study was conducted among school age children in randomly selected schools in Dar es Salaam. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were taken using standard procedures. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (kg/m2). Child obesity was defined as BMI at or above 95th percentile for age and sex. Socio-demographic characteristics of children were determined using a structured questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to determine association between independent variables with obesity among primary school children in Dar es Salaam. A total of 446 children were included in the analysis. The mean age of the participants was 11.1±2.0 years and 53.1% were girls. The mean BMI, SBP and DBP were 16.6±4.0 kg/m2, 103.9±10.3mmHg and 65.6±8.2mmHg respectively. The overall prevalence of child obesity was 5.2% and was higher among girls (6.3%) compared to boys (3.8%). Obese children had significantly higher mean values for age (p=0.042), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (all p<0.001). Most obese children were from households with fewer children (p=0.019) and residing in urban areas (p=0.002). Controlling for other variables, age above 10 years (AOR=3.3, 95% CI=1.5-7.2), female sex (AOR=2.6, 95% CI=1.4-4.9), urban residence (AOR=2.5, 95% CI=1.2-5.3) and having money to spend at school (AOR=2.6, 95% CI=1.4-4.8) were significantly associated with child obesity. The prevalence of childhood obesity in this population was found to be low. However, children from urban schools and girls were proportionately more obese compared to their counterparts. Primary preventive measures for childhood obesity should start early in childhood and address socioeconomic factors of parents contributing to childhood obesity

Child Fitness and Father’s BMI Are Important Factors in Childhood Obesity: A School Based Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND: This study examines obesity and factors associated with obesity in children aged 11-13 years in the UK. METHODS: 1147 children from ten secondary schools participated in a health survey that included blood samples, fitness test and anthropometric measures. Factors associated with obesity were examined using multilevel logistic regression. FINDINGS: Of the children examined (490 male; 657 female) a third were overweight, 1 in 6 had elevated blood pressure, more than 1 in 10 had high cholesterol, 58% consumed more fat than recommended, whilst 37% were classified as unfit. Children in deprived areas had a higher proportion of risk factors; for example, they had higher blood pressure (20% (deprived) compared to 11% (non-deprived), difference: 9.0% (95%CI: 4.7%-13.4%)). Obesity is associated with risk factors for heart disease and diabetes. Maintaining fitness is associated with a reduction in the risk factors for heart disease (high blood pressure and cholesterol) but not on risk factors for diabetes (insulin levels). In order of importance, the main risk factors for childhood obesity are being unfit, having an obese father, and being large at birth. CONCLUSION: The high proportion of children with risk factors suggests future interventions need to focus on community and policy change to shift the population norm rather than targeting the behaviour of high risk individuals. Interventions need to focus on mothers' lifestyle in pregnancy, fathers' health, as well as promoting fitness among children. Obesity was not associated with deprivation. Therefore, strategies should be adopted in both deprived and non deprived areas

Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em crianças de seis a dez anos de escolas municipais de área urbana Prevalence of overweight and obesity in six to ten year-old students from urban county schools

OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade e fatores associados em alunos de seis a dez anos das escolas públicas municipais da área urbana de Marialva, no Paraná. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal que utilizou uma amostra aleatória estratificada de 356 alunos. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: índice de massa corpórea, sexo, faixa etária, número de irmãos, atividade física e atividades sedentárias. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva para apresentação da distribuição da amostra nas estratificações. O teste do qui-quadrado foi aplicado para verificar a diferença entre a distribuição da amostra para cada uma das categorias das variáveis. A associação entre as variáveis foi realizada por meio da análise univariada, com razão de prevalência como medida de associação. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sobrepeso encontrada foi de 20% e a de obesidade de 7%. A maioria dos alunos (72%) não praticava atividade física fora da escola e pouco mais da metade deles (53%) gastava mais de quatro horas por dia em atividades sedentárias. O número de irmãos foi a única variável associada com o excesso de peso (RP=1,64; IC95%=1,10-2,45) para aqueles que tinham apenas um irmão e (RP=1,70; IC95%=1,02-2,84) para os que não tinham irmão, quando comparados àqueles que tinham dois ou mais irmãos. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se elevada prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade nessa amostra, reforçando a necessidade de mais estudos em crianças residentes em municípios de pequeno porte, assim como de pesquisas e ações que visem prevenir e/ou tratar a obesidade<br>OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of overweight and obesity and associated factors among six to ten-year-old students from public county schools in the urban area of Marialva in Paraná, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that used a stratified random sample of 356 students. The following variables were evaluated: body mass index, gender, age, number of siblings, physical activity and sedentary activities. Descriptive statistics was used to verify the distribution of the sample in the strata. The chi-square test was used in order to verify the differences between the distribution of the sample for each category of variables. The association between variables was tested by univariate analysis. RESULTS: Prevalence of overweight was 20% and obesity, 7%. Most students (72%) did not practice physical activity outside school and about half of them (53%) spent more than four hours a day in sedentary activities. The number of siblings was the only variable associated with excessive weight for those who had only one sibling (PR=1.64; 95%CI=1.10-2.45) and for those who had no siblings (PR=1.70; 95%CI=1.02-2.84), compared to those who had two or more siblings. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in this sample. Further studies are needed in order to investigate the prevalence of this disease in children living in small Brazilian municipalities, as well as for research and actions to prevent and/or treat obesit

Efficacy of exercise for treating overweight in children and adolescents: a systematic review

Background: Overweight prevalence among children/adolescents is increasing, while adult obesity may potentially cause a decline in life expectancy. More exercise is uniformly recommended, although treatment efficacy remains unclear. Objective: To determine the efficacy of exercise alone for treating overweight in children/adolescents. Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials published in English were completed following multiple database searches performed on December 10, 2004. Studies of isolated or adjunctive exercise/physical activity treatment in overweight/obese children or adolescents which reported any overweight outcome were included. Literature searches identified 645 papers which were manually searched, of which 45 were considered for inclusion, of which 13 papers which reported 14 studies were included (N=481 overweight boys and girls, aged approx12 years). Two reviewers independently identified relevant papers for potential inclusion and assessed methodological quality. Principal measures of effects included the mean difference (MD) (between treatment and control groups), the weighted MD (WMD), and the standardized MD (SMD). Results: Few studies were of robust design. The pooled SMD was -0.4 (-0.7, -0.1, P=0.006) for percent body fat, and -0.2 (-0.6, 0.1, P=0.07) for central obesity outcomes, whereas the pooled WMD was -2.7 kg (-6.1 kg, 0.8 kg, P=0.07) for body weight, all of which favored exercise. Pooled effects on body weight were significant and larger for studies of higher doses, whereas nonsignificant and smaller effects were seen for studies of lower doses of exercise (155–180 min/weeks vs 120–150 min/weeks). Conclusions: Based on the small number of short-term randomized trials currently available, an aerobic exercise prescription of 155–180 min/weeks at moderate-to-high intensity is effective for reducing body fat in overweight children/adolescents, but effects on body weight and central obesity are inconclusive. Recommendations for future study designs are discussed.E. Atlantis, E.H. Barnes and M.A. Fiatarone Sing