Electron spin resonance studies of doped rutile

The Electron Spin Resonance Spectra at 9 GHz of iron doped rutile in both powder and single crystal form has been obtained at a variety of temperatures. The single crystal results have confirmed previous data; the Fe(^3+) ion enters the lattice substitutionally for the Ti(^4+) ion and the spectrum exhibits a pronounced anisotropy. The powders exhibited a variety of features not all of which were due to iron. The iron lines were identified both from the single crystals data and experimentally by comparing samples containing varying amounts of iron at several temperatures. An approach to calculate the powder spectra from the Spin Hamiltonian was examined and discarded in faviour of a faster, approximate, method. The latter assumed that the observed lines could be explained in terms of two separate transitions each with an effective spin of S = ½. Using an analytical formula for the overall powder line shape gave rather poor results but a program based on calculating the lineshape numerically using the g(^-1) factor of Oasa and Vanngard gave good results. This program can be used to simulate the spectra of other ions provided their behaviour can be approximated by transitions of spin ½

'A different existence altogether' constructing, conditioning and controlling the British soldier's body in the First World War

This thesis examines the processes by which British male civilians became soldiers during the First World War. It contributes to the historiography on the British experience of the war by placing the human body at the centre of the analysis and considering the impact of bodies under the control and care of the British Army. It expands upon the sociological literature of 'the body' by establishing how these theoretical concepts are evident within the empirical research.;Through an analysis of official records and publications, it explores how the state sought to transform the male civilian body for military purposes. A significant aspect of this research stems from the personal experiences of the men who served by painstaking consideration of their letters, diaries, and oral testimonies.;This research illustrates that the body was a core concern for the British military as well as being central in perceptions of physical worth within British society during the First World War. Between 1914-1918 British men's bodies were assessed, categorised, improved, damaged, recovered, repaired and destroyed. From enlistment to the end of service, soldier's bodies were repurposed for the pursuit of victory as the British military and the government focused on constructing, conditioning and controlling the bodies of regular, territorial, volunteer and conscript soldiers.;In a letter to his mother, Lieutenant Godfrey classified the war as a 'different existence altogether' and indeed it was for many men whose bodies became fitter, healthier, and more skilled, while paradoxically also allowing them to resist military control, be wounded, harm their own bodies, and die. This work, therefore, explores the male military body within the chaos of the First World War, not simply as a faceless man in uniform but an individual whose body was a site of conflict focused on agency, indoctrination and military service.This thesis examines the processes by which British male civilians became soldiers during the First World War. It contributes to the historiography on the British experience of the war by placing the human body at the centre of the analysis and considering the impact of bodies under the control and care of the British Army. It expands upon the sociological literature of 'the body' by establishing how these theoretical concepts are evident within the empirical research.;Through an analysis of official records and publications, it explores how the state sought to transform the male civilian body for military purposes. A significant aspect of this research stems from the personal experiences of the men who served by painstaking consideration of their letters, diaries, and oral testimonies.;This research illustrates that the body was a core concern for the British military as well as being central in perceptions of physical worth within British society during the First World War. Between 1914-1918 British men's bodies were assessed, categorised, improved, damaged, recovered, repaired and destroyed. From enlistment to the end of service, soldier's bodies were repurposed for the pursuit of victory as the British military and the government focused on constructing, conditioning and controlling the bodies of regular, territorial, volunteer and conscript soldiers.;In a letter to his mother, Lieutenant Godfrey classified the war as a 'different existence altogether' and indeed it was for many men whose bodies became fitter, healthier, and more skilled, while paradoxically also allowing them to resist military control, be wounded, harm their own bodies, and die. This work, therefore, explores the male military body within the chaos of the First World War, not simply as a faceless man in uniform but an individual whose body was a site of conflict focused on agency, indoctrination and military service

Reducing child undernutrition

How rapidly will child undernutrition respond to income growth? This study explores that question using household survey data from 12 countries. In addition, data on the undernutrition rates since the 1970s available from a cross-section of countries are employed in this investigation. Both forms of analysis yield similar results. Income increases at household and national levels imply similar rates of reduction in undernutrition. Using these estimates and better-than-historical income growth rates, we find that the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving the levels of child underweight by 2015 is unlikely to be met through income growth alone. What is needed is a balanced strategy of income growth and investment in more direct interventions to accelerate reductions in undernutrition.Food security. ,Income Developing countries. ,Malnutrition. ,Children Nutrition. ,

An open future for ecological and evolutionary data?

As part of BioMed Central’s open science mission, we are pleased to announce that two of our journals have integrated with the open data repository Dryad. Authors submitting their research to either BMC Ecology or BMC Evolutionary Biology will now have the opportunity to deposit their data directly into the Dryad archive and will receive a permanent, citable link to their dataset. Although this does not affect any of our current data deposition policies at these journals, we hope to encourage a more widespread adoption of open data sharing in the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology by facilitating this process for our authors. We also take this opportunity to discuss some of the wider issues that may concern researchers when making their data openly available. Although we offer a number of positive examples from different fields of biology, we also recognise that reticence to data sharing still exists, and that change must be driven from within research communities in order to create future science that is fit for purpose in the digital age. This editorial was published jointly in both BMC Ecology and BMC Evolutionary Biology