Investigating Different Types of Cinnamon in Iran with Attention to Its Toxicity and Contamination

Introduction: The present research is a resource-based retrospective study with reference to conducted studies and the results of the cinnamon study by referring to various foods and attaries (groceries) factories such as Golha, Bartar, Yekoyek, and Hati Kara companies in Iran has been answered to the questions related to probable toxicity of cinnamon. Methods and results: In this study, which is both a research and library study for this research topic, referring to sites, articles, journals, and various search engines including Science Direct and Google Scholar and SCOPUS, provide necessary information in regard to cinnamon types, cinnamon history, Cinnamon advantages and disadvantages, types of cinnamon ingredients, were found to be the cause of the toxicity of the probable types of cinnamon, and the results obtained that were related to the subject. According to the obtained data, it was found that cinnamomum zeylanicum bloom (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) is less common (0-486 mg/kg) and (190 mg/kg)  also it is known as a good cinnamon for cinnamon cassia (Chinese) (Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees or Cinnamomum cassia (L) J. Presl) (coumarin is between 40 and 12180 mg / kg in the sample) and 700 mg/kg, and in Iran, abundance, import and use of cinnamon zeylanicum (Ceylon) is more than the other. Conclusions: According to obtain results, it was not proved camarin hepatic toxicity among the whole population and highest sensitivity was observed among people with previous hepatic disease, its daily use (permissible use on a daily basis is 1.5 mg/kg). With regard to this fact that in Iran, cinnamon as is used a flavoring of food and medicine, and the frequency of more Indian cinnamon (Ceylon , zeylanicum) than other cats in market due to higher quality. It can be concluded that with the max daily usage is (for a person body weight 60 kg) 1.5 mg of comarin per day, humans may be exposed to its complications, and that in Iran cinnamon species, which is most commonly used for cinnamomum zeylanicum cinnamon food, medicine (diabetes, etc.) and in various industries, and that it is not possible to enter this amount of comarin per day through the use of cinnamon to the body, it can be said that Iran is not exposed to the (probable) toxicside effects

ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION, PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDY OF DIMETHYL FUMARATE IN HEALTHY IRANIAN VOLUNTEERS

Objective: Pharmacokinetic evaluation of Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) in the Iranian population wasn’t studied. So, the aim of this research is the validation of the analytical method and evaluation of the pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of the generic form of this drug versus the reference product. Methods: 2 single-dose, test, and reference DMF products were orally administered to 24 healthy volunteers. The washout period was 28 d between the treatments. Monomethyl fumarate as the metabolite of DMF was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and the method was validated. Also, the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for bioequivalence evaluation. Results: The analytical method was validated and linear over the range of 31.25-4000 ng/ml (R2= 0.997). In addition, the method was precise and accurate in the low, medium, and high concentrations. The results indicated that the 2 products had similar pharmacokinetics. Further, the 90% CI of the mean ratios of the test versus the reference products of the log-transformed area under the concentration-time curve over 10 h (0.99 to 1.02) and peak concentration (0.98 to 1.03) were within the acceptable range of 0.8 to 1.25 and the generic product of DMF could be similar to that of the reference product. Conclusion: The applied analytical method is selective, accurate, precise, and repeatable for the analysis of monomethyl fumarate (MMF) in plasma. Also, the bioequivalence study showed no significant difference between the pharmacokinetic parameters of these 2 products. So, the DMF test product can be claimed to be bioequivalent with the reference product

Determination of Scientific Name of Bitter “Qust”: an Important Controversial Plant Source in the Iranian Medicinal Plants Market for Neurological Complications

Background and objectives: Traditional medicine could provide a hopeful area of research to mitigate the suffering of patients. “Qust” is one of the medicinal plants that are mentioned in Persian Medicine (PM) for treatment of neurological diseases. There is diversity within the scientific name of “Qust” in different references. Some have introduced Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. (Asteraceae), while others have presented Costus speciosus (J. Koenig) Sm. (Costaceae) as “Qust”. Since “Qust” is not endemic in Iran, there is difficulty to access to the whole plant for its identification. Hence, this study has aimed to identify available bitter “Qust” which is composed of roots of the plant in the Iranian market. Methods: Macroscopic characters and microscopic properties of powders and transverse sections of specimens with essential oil analysis of the Indian and one of the Iran herbal market samples using chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were investigated for identification of bitter “Qust”. Results: Microscopic evaluation showed presence of secretory cavities and their specific size, narrow radial rows of conducting tissue alternating with broad medullary rays in the secondary phloem and xylem, presence of inulin, absence of starch and calcium oxalate crystals in the bitter “Qust” particles. Further, positive response was observed to S. costus identifying test. In the analysis of essential oils, active components of S. costus, such as dehydrocostus lactone, were identified in the examined essential oils. Conclusion: According to the results, it could be concluded that bitter “Qust” in Iran herbal market most probably is S. costus

ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION AND BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDY OF ERLOTINIB 150 MG TABLETS IN IRANIAN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS UNDER FASTING CONDITION

Objective: This study aims to compare a generic formulation of the drug erlotinib 150 mg tablet to the brand-name version to validate the analytical method and bioequivalence studies. Methods: Erlotinib hydrochloride tablets (test versus reference formulation) were compared in a randomized, two-period crossover study to determine their pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence in healthy Iranian volunteers. 14 days passed between each treatment during the washout period. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyze erlotinib, and the method validation is presented. Results: Over the range of 6.25- 3200 ng/ ml, the analytical method was verified as linear (R2= 0.998). The technique was also accurate and precise at various concentrations. The results showed that the pharmacokinetics of the two products were comparable. Following administration of the test and reference products, the geometric averages for (Area under the curve) AUC0-72, AUCinf, and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) were 104.71 (90% CI, 93.39-117.40), 104.68 (90% CI, 93.47-117.23), and 104.85 (90% CI, 94.61-116.21), respectively. The outcomes fell within the permitted tolerance of 0.8 to 1.25. Conclusion: For the determination of erlotinib in plasma, the used analytical approach is accurate, precise, repeatable, and selective. Additionally, the bioequivalence research revealed no appreciable differences in pharmacokinetic characteristics between the reference and test products. Therefore, it is possible to assert that the generic erlotinib product and the reference product are bioequivalent

Pharmacokinetic behavior of phenytoin in head trauma and cerebrovascular accident patients in an iranian population

Objective: Acute brain injury is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Phenytoin has been commonly used as an anticonvulsant agent for the treatment or prophylaxis of seizures following acute brain injury. After a severe head injury, several pharmacokinetic changes occur. The aim of this study is the comparative evaluation of phenytoin serum concentration in patients with traumatic and nontraumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: This prospective observational study was performed on twenty adult brain injury patients who were admitted to an Intensive Care Unit and required phenytoin for the treatment or prophylaxis of postinjury seizures. For all the patients, phenytoin serum concentration was determined in three scheduled time points. Phenytoin serum concentration and pharmacokinetic parameters were compared between patients with TBI and cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Findings: The Vmaxand Kmwere significantly higher in head trauma (HT) patients than the CVA group. The phenytoin concentration (Cp) and the Cp/dose ratio were significantly higher in the CVA group patients during the first sampling (P < 0.05). The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation П (APACHE П) score was significantly lower than the baseline at the end of the study in each group of patients (P < 0.05). In addition, no significant correlation was observed between Vmax, Km, Cp, Cp/dose ratio, and APACHE II scores at the time of sampling. Conclusion: Due to significant differences in phenytoin plasma concentration and pharmacokinetic parameters between HT and CVA patients, close attention must be paid to the pharmacokinetic behavior of phenytoin in the efforts to improve the patient's outcome after a severe HT