Different carbohydrate profile of mango cultivars during development and maturation

A manga é um fruto ainda considerado exótico, onde quase tudo relativo ao seu amadurecimento está por ser esclarecido. Pouco se conhece da sua fisiologia e bioquímica pós colheita. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar algumas variedades de mangas durante o crescimento e amadurecimento; quanto aos açúcares solúveis, amido e ácido ascórbico; a atividade das enzimas sacarose-fosfato sintase e sacarose sintase durante este mesmo período na manga Van Dyke e o perfil de respiração e etileno das variedades Van Dyke, Tommy Atkins e Haden após a colheita. Os resultados mostraram que os perfis dos açúcares solúveis relativos ao adoçamento e seu metabolismo são altamente dependentes do cultivar e da maturidade fisiológica da manga. A sacarose foi o açúcar predominante em todas as variedades analisadas, sendo que o maior valor encontrado foi de aproximadamente 5% na manga Van Dyke. A frutose foi a hexose predominante na manga madura, e sua relação com a glicose variou de 2,5 a 48 vezes. Os teores de amido existentes quando a manga é colhida, independente da variedade, são muito baixos, menores que 3,0%. As enzimas ligadas ao metabolismo da sacarose, saca rose-fosfato sintase (SPS) e sacarose sintase (SS), tiveram a atividade aumentada na fase de amadurecimento pós colheita no cultivar Van Dyke. O teor de ácido ascórbico, na maioria das variedades diminuiu antes da colheita, exceto a manga Keitt e a manga Tommy Atkins, sendo esta a que apresentou maior teor de ácido ascórbico no fruto maduro. Não houve produção de etileno após o ponto de colheita, e foi encontrado mais de um pico de respiração nas mangas Haden e Van Dyke, resultado atípico de outros frutos climatéricos.The mango ripening process and the associated physiological and biochemical changes is still poorly known. Also is unknown if the bulk of sugar is accumulated prior or after the onset of ripening. The aim of this work was to evaluate the soluble sugars, starch and ascorbic acid content during the growth and ripening of several mango varietes. The sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS) activities were evaluated in Van Dyke mango variety. The post harvest respiration and ethylene profiles of the Van Dyke, Tommy Atkins and Haden varieties were analyzed after harvesting. The results shown that the changes on total sugar profiles were highly dependent on the cultivar and physiogical maturity. Sucrose was the predominant sugar in ali analyzed varieties. The fructose amount was 2,5 to 48 times higher than glucose being the predominant hexoses in ripe fruit. The starch content of any variety of harvested mango is too low, with values under 3,0%. The sucrose related enzymes (SPS and SS), showed an increasing activity during the post-harvest ripening of Van Dyke\'s cultivar. For most varieties, the ascorbic acid content decreased before the harvest point, except for Keitt and Tommy Atkins mangos. The highest ascorbic acid content was found in the ripened Tommy fruit. One increase in the ethylene was not detected after harvesting. More than one respiration peak was detected for Haden and Van Dyke\'s varieties, this result is different of the other climacteric fruit\'s one

Different carbohydrate profile of mango cultivars during development and maturation

A manga é um fruto ainda considerado exótico, onde quase tudo relativo ao seu amadurecimento está por ser esclarecido. Pouco se conhece da sua fisiologia e bioquímica pós colheita. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar algumas variedades de mangas durante o crescimento e amadurecimento; quanto aos açúcares solúveis, amido e ácido ascórbico; a atividade das enzimas sacarose-fosfato sintase e sacarose sintase durante este mesmo período na manga Van Dyke e o perfil de respiração e etileno das variedades Van Dyke, Tommy Atkins e Haden após a colheita. Os resultados mostraram que os perfis dos açúcares solúveis relativos ao adoçamento e seu metabolismo são altamente dependentes do cultivar e da maturidade fisiológica da manga. A sacarose foi o açúcar predominante em todas as variedades analisadas, sendo que o maior valor encontrado foi de aproximadamente 5% na manga Van Dyke. A frutose foi a hexose predominante na manga madura, e sua relação com a glicose variou de 2,5 a 48 vezes. Os teores de amido existentes quando a manga é colhida, independente da variedade, são muito baixos, menores que 3,0%. As enzimas ligadas ao metabolismo da sacarose, saca rose-fosfato sintase (SPS) e sacarose sintase (SS), tiveram a atividade aumentada na fase de amadurecimento pós colheita no cultivar Van Dyke. O teor de ácido ascórbico, na maioria das variedades diminuiu antes da colheita, exceto a manga Keitt e a manga Tommy Atkins, sendo esta a que apresentou maior teor de ácido ascórbico no fruto maduro. Não houve produção de etileno após o ponto de colheita, e foi encontrado mais de um pico de respiração nas mangas Haden e Van Dyke, resultado atípico de outros frutos climatéricos.The mango ripening process and the associated physiological and biochemical changes is still poorly known. Also is unknown if the bulk of sugar is accumulated prior or after the onset of ripening. The aim of this work was to evaluate the soluble sugars, starch and ascorbic acid content during the growth and ripening of several mango varietes. The sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS) activities were evaluated in Van Dyke mango variety. The post harvest respiration and ethylene profiles of the Van Dyke, Tommy Atkins and Haden varieties were analyzed after harvesting. The results shown that the changes on total sugar profiles were highly dependent on the cultivar and physiogical maturity. Sucrose was the predominant sugar in ali analyzed varieties. The fructose amount was 2,5 to 48 times higher than glucose being the predominant hexoses in ripe fruit. The starch content of any variety of harvested mango is too low, with values under 3,0%. The sucrose related enzymes (SPS and SS), showed an increasing activity during the post-harvest ripening of Van Dyke\'s cultivar. For most varieties, the ascorbic acid content decreased before the harvest point, except for Keitt and Tommy Atkins mangos. The highest ascorbic acid content was found in the ripened Tommy fruit. One increase in the ethylene was not detected after harvesting. More than one respiration peak was detected for Haden and Van Dyke\'s varieties, this result is different of the other climacteric fruit\'s one

Chemical and enzymatic characterization of the mango Keitt sweetening process

Dentre as características que definem um fruto maduro, o adoçamento é um dos mais importantes. Porém, no que concerne à manga, os dados existentes são escassos e pouco esclarecedores. Neste trabalho foi estudada a síntese e a degradação do amido da manga \'Keitt\', nos aspectos químicos (teores de amido, de amilose e de açúcares solúveis), nos aspectos bioquímicos (atividade de enzimas relacionadas à degradação do amido, perfil de enzimas ligadas ao grânulo de amido) e aspecto morfológico do grânulo de amido (preliminar), e o amadurecimento do fruto. A manga \'Keitt\' teve um padrão atípico de fruto climatérico, com a produção de pequenas quantidades de etileno e C02, culminando em picos após o processo de amadurecimento ter sido iniciado. Todo o amido acumulado (cerca de 8 %) durante o desenvolvimento até os 3 dias após a colheita (dpc), foi totalmente degradado a partir dos 5 dpc chegando ao final do amadurecimento com apenas traços do seu conteúdo inicial. Ao mesmo tempo acumulou cerca de 10 % de açúcares solúveis, com predominância da sacarose. As enzimas que potencialmente podem degradar o amido, tiveram perfil de atividade compatível com a sua atuação. Houve um aumento bastante significativo de atividade da α-amilase durante a formação do fruto e da β--amilase durante o amadurecimento do fruto. As fosforilases e isoamilases, embora tivessem atividade suficiente para atuar durante a degradação do amido, demonstraram pelo perfil de atividade terem bastante importância durante a síntese do amido. Os grânulos de amido, como observados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, tem grânulos redondos, lisos e pequenos (até 20 µm), que diminuem de tamanho durante o amadurecimento da manga. As proteínas ligadas ao grânulo, como visto por eletroforese em condições dissociantes, aumentaram em número e quantidade depois da colheita da manga, mostrando que várias proteínas de alto e baixo peso molecular, aderiram ao grânulo antes do início da degradação.Sweetening is one of the most important characteristics concerning ripe fruit. However, physiological and biochemical changes associated to mango fruit ripening process, including mango sweetening, is still poor understood. In this work the synthesis and breakdown of the starch were studied focusing starch, amylose, and soluble sugars content. Also the activities of some enzymes that participate in starch metabolism were evaluated during development and ripening of mango \'Keitt\'. Thought Scanning Electron Microscopy, granule starch shape and superficial changes related to the degree of mango ripening, were investigated. Results shown that mango fruit (cv. Keitt) has not a typical profile of ethylene and respiration during the ripening process, with very low leveis of both parameters. There was a massive conversion of the starch accumulated (~8 % )during fruit development to soluble sugar (~10 %), with a predominance of sucrose. The activity of α-amylase increased at least 20 times during fruit development while &#946:-amylase showed detectable activity after fruit harvesting. Starchphosphorylases and isoamylases activities can be linked with both starch synthesis and degradation. Granule starch isolated from mango, showed spherical shape and small size (~20 µm) when the mango achieve full starch content (~3 days after harvest), with about 25 % of amylose. During fruit ripening, granule size suffered superficial corrosion and decreased in size (~6 µm). SDS-PAGE gels showed that after harvesting increased the number of starch bounded proteins with low and high molecular weight, inclusive inside the granule. These proteins can be associated with starch degradation process

Starch mobilization and sucrose accumulation in the pulp of Keitt mangoes during postharvest ripening

Sugar is a determinant for the quality of mangoes, but information about its accumulation is scarce. Although starch can contribute to sugar production during ripening, not much is known about the enzymes involved. This work presents the changes in carbohydrate and enzymes during the development and ripening of Keitt mangoes. Starch disappearance was concomitant to a fivefold increase of sucrose, the most abundant sugar of the ripe fruits. The activities of alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, phosphorylase and isoamylase were detected in the pulp, and while alpha-amylase increased parallel to the starch content, beta-amylase presented a 20-fold increase during ripening. On the other hand, high phosphorylase activity was observed when fruits were still accumulating starch, and lowered during ripening. Isoamylase was detected during development and increased slightly during ripening, which would be in agreement to the expected role for isoamylases as acting on both subproduct of starch synthesis and degradation

Mango starch degradation. I. A microscopic view of the granule during ripening

The starch content of unripe mango Keitt is around 7% (FW), and it is converted to soluble sugars during the ripening of the detached fruit. Despite the importance of starch-to-soluble sugar metabolism for mango quality, little literature is found on this subject and none concerning the physical aspects of starch degradation. This manuscript presents some changes in the physical aspects of the starch granule during ripening, as analyzed by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). According to the analysis, unripe Keitt-mango-starch being spherical in shape and measuring around 15,mu m, has A-type X-ray diffraction pattern with a degree of crystallinity around 21% with slight changes after 8 days of ripening. AFM images of the surface of the granules showed ultra microstructures, which are in agreement with a blocklet-based organization of the granules. The AFM-contrast image of growing layers covering the granule showed fibril-like structures, having 20 nm in diameter, transversally connecting the layer to the granule. The appearance of the partially degraded granules and the pattern of degradation were similar to those observed as a result of amylase activity, suggesting a hydrolytic pathway for the degradation of starch from mango cultivar Keitt. These results provide clues to a better understanding of starch degradation in fruits.FAPESPCNP