9,021 research outputs found
Learning Active Basis Models by EM-Type Algorithms
EM algorithm is a convenient tool for maximum likelihood model fitting when
the data are incomplete or when there are latent variables or hidden states. In
this review article we explain that EM algorithm is a natural computational
scheme for learning image templates of object categories where the learning is
not fully supervised. We represent an image template by an active basis model,
which is a linear composition of a selected set of localized, elongated and
oriented wavelet elements that are allowed to slightly perturb their locations
and orientations to account for the deformations of object shapes. The model
can be easily learned when the objects in the training images are of the same
pose, and appear at the same location and scale. This is often called
supervised learning. In the situation where the objects may appear at different
unknown locations, orientations and scales in the training images, we have to
incorporate the unknown locations, orientations and scales as latent variables
into the image generation process, and learn the template by EM-type
algorithms. The E-step imputes the unknown locations, orientations and scales
based on the currently learned template. This step can be considered
self-supervision, which involves using the current template to recognize the
objects in the training images. The M-step then relearns the template based on
the imputed locations, orientations and scales, and this is essentially the
same as supervised learning. So the EM learning process iterates between
recognition and supervised learning. We illustrate this scheme by several
experiments.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/09-STS281 the Statistical
Science (http://www.imstat.org/sts/) by the Institute of Mathematical
Statistics (http://www.imstat.org
Critical parameter equations for degenerate parabolic equations coupled via nonlinear boundary flux
Chemotherapy of Cholangiocarcinoma: Current Management and Future Directions
Cholangiocarcinoma is a relatively rare form of gastroenterological cancer that divided into intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal bile duct cancer. Approximately, 10,000 new cases are diagnosed annually in the United States, and a 5-year survival rate is below 20%. While only surgical resection can provide a cure, most of cholangiocarcinomas are detected at inoperable stage and associated with poor prognosis. Moreover, cholangiocarcinoma has a high recurrence rate, even after curative surgery. Therefore, chemotherapy has an important role in the treatment of patients with cholangiocarcinoma. International efforts by physicians and researchers are revealing genetic factors of cholangiocarcinoma progression, which will identify early diagnostic markers and novel therapeutic targets. In this chapter, current strategies of adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and palliative chemotherapy will be discussed, as well as expectant future therapeutic targets and development of individualized therapies
The Jucys-Murphy basis and semisimplicty criteria for the -Brauer algebra
We construct the Jucys-Murphy elements and the Jucys-Murphy basis for the
-Brauer algebra in the sense of Mathas[11]. We also give a necessary and
sufficient condition for the -Brauer algebra being (split) semisimple over
an arbitrary field.Comment: 21 page
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