Interferência de picão-preto e guanxuma com a soja: efeitos da densidade de plantas e época relativa de emergência Interference of hair beggarticks and arrowleaf sida with soybeans: effects of plant density and relative emergence time

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as influências de densidades de picão-preto (Bidens pilosa L.) e guanxuma (Sida rhombifolia L.) e de épocas de sua emergência em relação à da soja, no grau de interferência que ocasionam à cultura. Foram realizados experimentos em duas condições em Porto Alegre - RS, em 1998/99 e 1999/00. Os fatores testados foram espécies e densidade de plantas daninhas e épocas de emergência. A convivência das plantas daninhas com a soja deu-se durante a fase vegetativa da cultura. Em experimentos em vasos, avaliaram-se cinco épocas de emergência das plantas daninhas (11, 7, 2 dias antes e 4 e 8 dias após a emergência da soja). Em microparcelas, avaliaram-se três épocas de emergência das plantas daninhas em relação à soja (4 dias antes, no mesmo dia e 4 dias após) e seis densidades de plantas daninhas (0, 4, 8, 16, 32 e 64 plantas m-2). Verificou-se que a época de emergência das plantas daninhas em relação à soja modifica as relações de competição entre essas espécies e que picão-preto exerce maior efeito de competição à soja e é menos afetado pela presença da cultura do que guanxuma. O atraso na emergência da soja em relação às plantas daninhas aumenta os efeitos negativos dessas sobre a cultura, os quais são potencializados pelo incremento da densidade, principalmente no caso de picão-preto.<br>The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa L.) and arrowleaf sida (Sida rhombifolia L.) densities and relative emergence time, on the degree of interference they may cause on soybeans. There were studies carried out under two conditions in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, in 1998/99 and 1999/00. The factors tested were weed species, emergence times, and weed densities. Weed-soybean associations occurred during the vegetative period of the crop. In pot assays, five weed emergence times were evaluated (11, 7, and 2 days before, and 4 and 8 days after soybean emergence). In microplot assays, three weed emergence times were compared in relation to soybeans (4 days before, at the same day, and 4 days after) and six weed densities (0, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 plants m-2). It was found that weed relative emergence time, in relation to soybeans, modifies competitive relations between these species, and that beggarticks performs greater competition effects on soybean and is less affected by the crop than is sida. Delay in soybean emergence in relation to weeds increases the negative effects of these species on the crop, which are potentialized by increase in weed density, mainly in presence of beggarticks

Disinfectants prepared in a hospital pharmacy: assessment of their microbiological purity and antimicrobial effectivenes

The microbial contamination and antimicrobial effectiveness of seven topical disinfectants prepared at the hospital pharmacy were studied. These products were controlled throughout storage and use. The manufacturing routine investigated was able to deliver larger batch sizes and quality products that allowed increased storage time. The formulations chosen by the pharmacists were effective against bacteria for their intended uses. For chloramine only, loss of effectiveness required reduced storage time. No significant modification in the microbial quality of these products was observed during use in our hospital.Journal ArticleSCOPUS: ar.jFLWNAinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Comportamento adjunto: controvérsias e contribuições teóricas

A área de investigação sobre comportamento adjunto, cujas pesquisas tiveram início na década de 60, é extensa e controvertida. O presente trabalho analisa as interpretações mais importantes do fenômeno, e mostra que diversas características apresentadas como próprias do comportamento adjunto também estão presentes em outros comportamentos. Falk interpretou o comportamento adjunto como atividade deslocada, Staddon como comportamento induzido por esquema, Timberlake como parte de um sistema comportamental pré-programado, e Wetherington questionou a existência de uma terceira classe de comportamento. Conclui-se que as tentativas de sistematização têm se mostrado incompletas devido à diversidade de topografias de comportamentos adjuntos e a sua dependência de variáveis tanto do esquema como da espécie e do ambiente

Drones, risk, and moral injury

This article assesses the ethical significance of drone violence by focusing on the experience of drone operators as moral agents. In recent debates over the use of armed drones, ethical judgments have tended to be informed by the Just War principles that traditionally govern the conduct of war. However, Just War thinking is not the only way to think morally about the killing that drone operators do. Drone violence could also be assessed by reference to the notion that killing a human being can cause ‘moral injury’ to the killer because it betrays his or her personal standards of right conduct. Killing that is deemed permissible by others (by reference to Just War principles) can be judged further and differently by killers themselves, and a drone operator can make this judgement in the unprecedented circumstance of remote killing witnessed in real-time via a powerful video-camera mounted on the aircraft. Although it is sometimes claimed that physically-distant drone operators are as morally disengaged and as immune to risk as the players of violent video-games, evidence to the contrary is emerging. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to illuminate the situation of drone operators who might actually be highly-engaged morally and to explore reasons why they might experience moral injury. If the risk of moral injury is real, it undermines the risk-avoidance rationale for sending drones rather than troops to dangerous places, and it could serve as an additional ethical basis for restraining drone violence