Research Development on Cryopreservation Technique to Preserve Avian Semen

Cryopreservation technique could be used to preserve animal cell, plant or other genetic materials (included semen) in frozen. In this case, the cryopreservation technique is a storage  technique that carries out at very low temperature in liquid nitrogen at -196oC. At this temperature, semen does not experience the process of metabolism but still has the ability to live on when used later. Semen that is preserved by cryopreservation technique has unlimited shelf life. This method is more efficient in terms of cost, time, space, and labour than other methods. Cryopreservation techniques can be divided into conventional technique (controlled slow freezing) and rapid freezing technique. Besides cryopreservation of semen, other genetic material from avian that can be cryopreservesed is Primodial Germ Cells (PGC). Balitnak has succesfully isolated the PGC of some Indonesian native chickens. The success of cryopreservation is indicated by not only the high rate of survival, but also the fertility after cryopreservation. Key words: Avian, storage, cryopreservation, seme

Beef Cattle Development Models in the Selected Transmigration Areas

ABSTRACT One of the government efforts to optimize available human and natural resources lial dry zone of transmigration areas is using beef cattle development. Several advantages of beef cattle me: increase of family income, provide animal power, improve the quality of natural resources, fulfil the need for food of high quality and increase job opportunity. Beef cattle model for transmigration has not been developed, therefore, this study was eeildrietecl. The aims of the study was to design beef caulemodel in accordance with agro-ceosysteni profile in die study areas. The study was conducted in the four provinces consisting of 10 transmigration uscitlernonts i.e. 3 sites in South Sulawesi and in South East Sulawesi will 2 sites in West Nusatenggara and East Nusatenggara provinces. Rapid Rural Appraisal method was employed, Primary data were collected by dircet interview to trans]iiigranS, farmer groups, institutions, and related officers in various levels. Of the 10 locations all have different conditions in term of topographical, geographical and socto-economic. They Clad low livestock population and far below its carrying capacity. Cattle sculls to have a greatest potential For increasing income both w short and long term. Three basic model for cattle development were identified: cattle tor fatuming. breeding and combination of the two. These models can be approached through the nucleus estate concept which increase farmer\u27s resource use for more productive activities, Key Words: Boer Cattle Model, Transmigration Area

The estimation of genetic distance and discriminant variables on breed of duck (Alabio, Bali, Khaki Campbell, Mojosari and Pegagan) by morphological analysis

A study on morphological body conformation of Alabio, Bali, Khaki Campbell, Mojosari and Pegagan ducks was carried out to determine the genetic distance and discriminant variables. This research was held in Research Institute for Animal Production, Ciawi, Bogor using 65 Alabio ducks, 40 Bali ducks, 36 Khaki Campbell ducks, 60 Mojosari ducks and 30 Pegagan ducks. Seven different body parts were measured, they were the length of femur, tibia, tarsometatarsus, the circumference of tarsometatarsus, the length of third digits, wing and maxilla. General Linear Models and simple discriminant analysis were used in this observation (SAS package program). Male and female Pegagan ducks had morphological size bigger than Alabio, Bali, Khaki Campbell and Mojosari ducks. Khaki Campbell ducks were mixed with Bali ducks (47.22%) and Pegagan ducks from isolated location in South Sumatera were lightly mixed with Alabio and Bali. Mahalanobis genetic distance showed that Bali and Khaki Campbell ducks, also, Alabio and Mojosari ducks had similarity, with genetic distance of 1.420 and 1.548, respectively. Results from canonical analysis showed that the most discriminant variables were obtained from the length of femur, tibia and third digits.   Key words: Duck, genetic distance, morphologica

Rate of temperature reduction at cryopreservation primordial germ cells (PGC) of three Indonesian native chicken.

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are original cells of spermatogonia in the testes or oogonia in the ovary. PGCs in poultry can be harvested and stored in the liquid nitrogen and can be used for conservation as genetic materials of poultry. The objective of this study was to obtain the optimal rate of temperature reduction on PGCs quality from three different Indonesian native chicken after thawing. Fertile eggs obtained from native chicken were incubated for 56 hours to obtain embryo at stage of 14-16. PGCs were isolated from the blood using modified Nycodenz Gradient Centrifugation technique. There after they were kept in a straw and equilibrated for 15 minutes at 5oC and frozen at the rate of temperature reduction of 0.3, 0.5, and 1oC per minute using embryo freezing machine (FHK Fujihara: ET-1). After the temperature reached -30oC, then they were plunged directly into the liquid nitrogen. Recovery rate and viability of PGCs after freezing and thawing were measured. The results of this study showed that the average recovery rate of PGCs that have been frozen at rate of temperature reduction of 1, 0.5, and 0.3oC per minute were 35.6, 43.9, and 44.9% respectively. However the rate of temperature reduction of 0.5 and 0.3oC per minute did not significantly affect the recovery rate. The average percentage of viability of PGCs that were frozen at the rate of 1, 0.5 and 0.3oC per minute were respectively 62.6, 77.5, and 77.4%. It seems that the viability followed the trend of recovery rates where the 1oC per minute reduction was the lowest quality compared to the other two treatments. It is concluded that the reduction of 0.5 or 0.3oC per minute are considered as the ideal temperature reduction when native chicken PGCs are frozen. Key Words: PGCs, Native Chicken, Conservatio

The effect of cryoprotectant and equilibration period on quality and fertility of duck and muscovy sperm

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cryoprotectant and equilibration period on quality and fertility of duck and muscovy spermatozoa. Semen collected from Alabio and muscovy drakes was diluted using three different cryoprotectants:glycerol, DMSO and DMF, thereafter the semen was equilibrated 50C for 15; 30 and 60 minutes then frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen, designed by factorial 3 x 3. After thawing, semen sample was investigated on the motility and mortality rate. The best cryoprotectant and equilibration period was used in fertilization test. Duration of fertility was calculated from the second day after insemination until the last fertile egg, and the percent of fertility was calculated from the second day until the forth day after insemination. The use of cryoprotectant significantly affected sperm motility after freezing. The use of glycerol as a cryoprotectant was the lowest (P0.05) compared to DMSO and DMF. Similarly, duck sperm motility after being freezed with glycerol, DMF and DMSO were 9.02; 21.75, and 32.86%, and for muscovy sperm motility were 11.78; 32.45 and 34.92% respectively. The percentage of live sperm for duck were 23.84; 40.14 and 42.20, while for muscovy were 29.26; 53.06 and 51.80 respectively after being freezed with glycerol, DMF and DMSO. Equilibration period did not affect the percentage of live sperm after freezing. Results of this study showed that duration of fertility of Alabio duck after being inseminated with fresh drake semen was longest compared to that of insemination using fresh muscovy semen, frozen drake semen and frozen muscovy semen (4.96 vs 3.5; 2.4 and 1.5 days respectively). Results from this study clearly indicated that preservation of sperm reduced the quality of spermatozoa. It is suggested that freezing technique of both duck and Muscovy sperm could be conducted using DMF or DMSO as a cryoprotectant with the equilibration period between 15 to 60 minutes.   Key words: Sperm, cryoprotectant, fertility, AI, duck, muscov

Local Duck Fanning At Paddy Three Times Planting Areas ("IP Padi 300")

Most of duck husbandry in Indonesia is still run traditionally, herded in rice field or in the swampy area. This kind of husbandry seemed to be much preferred by farmers as they thought it was a simple and did not need high skill and high capital "IP padi 300" was a term of rice planting system tree times instead of twice in a year. This kind of changing might have significantly affected duck faming. The objective of the study was to observe the interactively effect of "IP padi 300" to duck husbandry at the same area. Two locations were choosen (Subang, West Jawa and Pemalang, Central Java) with 5 farmers at each location to be involved in the study. As many as 1200 laying pullet ducks were distributed to 10 farmers at two locations. The farmers were suggested to raise laying ducks with their own systems (fully intensive, semi intensive and fully herded) and were observed for 6 months. Biota was observed on both field and in the crop of the laying ducks. There was an interactive effect of "IP padi 300" and the duck farming on the same area. The availability of feed was increased on the "IP padi 300", which gave benefit to duck farming especially fue herded system, not to go far from owner's home base. Whilst the benefit to "IP padi 300" was assumed to the reduction of pest and desease, which was frequently attacked the rice field. The production of egg from herded duck was very fluctuative due to the movement and feed availability in the rice field. Field biota in Subang and Pemalang was very much the same in profile, although "golden snail" was only found in Subang. Ducks' crop content seemed to be very much similar with the profile of field biota, although rice grain was the most in the crop. Thus, it was found that field biota was not reduced by "IP padi 300", in fact it was rather increased.   Key words: IP 300, herded ducks, duck farmin

Research Development on Cryopreservation Technique to Preserve Avian Semen

Cryopreservation technique could be used to preserve animal cell, plant or other genetic materials (included semen) in frozen. In this case, the cryopreservation technique is a storage technique that carries out at very low temperature in liquid nitrogen at -196oC. At this temperature, semen does not experience the process of metabolism but still has the ability to live on when used later. Semen that is preserved by cryopreservation technique has unlimited shelf life. This method is more efficient in terms of cost, time, space, and labour than other methods. Cryopreservation techniques can be divided into conventional technique (controlled slow freezing) and rapid freezing technique. Besides cryopreservation of semen, other genetic material from avian that can be cryopreservesed is Primodial Germ Cells (PGC). Balitnak has succesfully isolated the PGC of some Indonesian native chickens. The success of cryopreservation is indicated by not only the high rate of survival, but also the fertility after cryopreservation

Rate of temperature reduction at cryopreservation primordial germ cells (PGC) of three Indonesian native chicken.

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are original cells of spermatogonia in the testes or oogonia in the ovary. PGCs in poultry can be harvested and stored in the liquid nitrogen and can be used for conservation as genetic materials of poultry. The objective of this study was to obtain the optimal rate of temperature reduction on PGCs quality from three different Indonesian native chicken after thawing. Fertile eggs obtained from native chicken were incubated for 56 hours to obtain embryo at stage of 14-16. PGCs were isolated from the blood using modified Nycodenz Gradient Centrifugation technique. There after they were kept in a straw and equilibrated for 15 minutes at 5oC and frozen at the rate of temperature reduction of 0.3, 0.5, and 1oC per minute using embryo freezing machine (FHK Fujihara: ET-1). After the temperature reached -30oC, then they were plunged directly into the liquid nitrogen. Recovery rate and viability of PGCs after freezing and thawing were measured. The results of this study showed that the average recovery rate of PGCs that have been frozen at rate of temperature reduction of 1, 0.5, and 0.3oC per minute were 35.6, 43.9, and 44.9% respectively. However the rate of temperature reduction of 0.5 and 0.3oC per minute did not significantly affect the recovery rate. The average percentage of viability of PGCs that were frozen at the rate of 1, 0.5 and 0.3oC per minute were respectively 62.6, 77.5, and 77.4%. It seems that the viability followed the trend of recovery rates where the 1oC per minute reduction was the lowest quality compared to the other two treatments. It is concluded that the reduction of 0.5 or 0.3oC per minute are considered as the ideal temperature reduction when native chicken PGCs are frozen

The estimation of genetic distance and discriminant variables on breed of duck (Alabio, Bali, Khaki Campbell, Mojosari and Pegagan) by morphological analysis

A study on morphological body conformation of Alabio, Bali, Khaki Campbell, Mojosari and Pegagan ducks was carried out to determine the genetic distance and discriminant variables. This research was held in Research Institute for Animal Production, Ciawi, Bogor using 65 Alabio ducks, 40 Bali ducks, 36 Khaki Campbell ducks, 60 Mojosari ducks and 30 Pegagan ducks. Seven different body parts were measured, they were the length of femur, tibia, tarsometatarsus, the circumference of tarsometatarsus, the length of third digits, wing and maxilla. General Linear Models and simple discriminant analysis were used in this observation (SAS package program). Male and female Pegagan ducks had morphological size bigger than Alabio, Bali, Khaki Campbell and Mojosari ducks. Khaki Campbell ducks were mixed with Bali ducks (47.22%) and Pegagan ducks from isolated location in South Sumatera were lightly mixed with Alabio and Bali. Mahalanobis genetic distance showed that Bali and Khaki Campbell ducks, also, Alabio and Mojosari ducks had similarity, with genetic distance of 1.420 and 1.548, respectively. Results from canonical analysis showed that the most discriminant variables were obtained from the length of femur, tibia and third digits

The effect of cryoprotectant and equilibration period on quality and fertility of duck and muscovy sperm

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cryoprotectant and equilibration period on quality and fertility of duck and muscovy spermatozoa. Semen collected from Alabio and muscovy drakes was diluted using three different cryoprotectants:glycerol, DMSO and DMF, thereafter the semen was equilibrated 50C for 15; 30 and 60 minutes then frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen, designed by factorial 3 x 3. After thawing, semen sample was investigated on the motility and mortality rate. The best cryoprotectant and equilibration period was used in fertilization test. Duration of fertility was calculated from the second day after insemination until the last fertile egg, and the percent of fertility was calculated from the second day until the forth day after insemination. The use of cryoprotectant significantly affected sperm motility after freezing. The use of glycerol as a cryoprotectant was the lowest (P<0.05) compared to DMSO and DMF. Similarly, duck sperm motility after being freezed with glycerol, DMF and DMSO were 9.02; 21.75, and 32.86%, and for muscovy sperm motility were 11.78; 32.45 and 34.92% respectively. The percentage of live sperm for duck were 23.84; 40.14 and 42.20, while for muscovy were 29.26; 53.06 and 51.80 respectively after being freezed with glycerol, DMF and DMSO. Equilibration period did not affect the percentage of live sperm after freezing. Results of this study showed that duration of fertility of Alabio duck after being inseminated with fresh drake semen was longest compared to that of insemination using fresh muscovy semen, frozen drake semen and frozen muscovy semen (4.96 vs 3.5; 2.4 and 1.5 days respectively). Results from this study clearly indicated that preservation of sperm reduced the quality of spermatozoa. It is suggested that freezing technique of both duck and Muscovy sperm could be conducted using DMF or DMSO as a cryoprotectant with the equilibration period between 15 to 60 minutes