Analysis of diclofenac in water samples using in situ derivatization-vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A novel micro-extraction technique for a rapid and sensitive analysis of diclofenac (DCF) in water samples has been developed. DCF was derivatized and extracted simultaneously using vortex-assisted liquid-liquid micro-extraction (VALLME) prior to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. The effects of extraction solvent volume, extraction and derivatization time and ionic strength of the sample were studied using 23 factorial experimental design. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: 200 µL of chloroform, 25 µL of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) derivatization reagent, vortex extraction and derivatization time 5 min at 3000 rpm. The extraction recovery for different fortification levels was 98 %. Also, the proposed micro-extraction method exhibited results comparable with the solid phase extraction of real water samples. The proposed one-step VALLME and derivatization method is simpler and faster than the conventional extraction and derivatization methods used for the determination of DCF in real water samples

Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Surface Waters of Konya Closed Basin, Turkey

The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, endrin ketone, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDT, methoxychlor, chlordane I, chlordane II, and heavy metals, such as As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ni in surface water samples from the Konya closed basin were determined to evaluate the level of contamination. Among all HCH isomers, β-HCH is the main isomer with a concentration range of 0.015–0.065 μg/L. DDE, DDD, and DDT were almost determined in all samples, in which DDE isomer had the highest concentration ranged from not detected to 0.037 μg/L. In all studied OCPs, aldrin showed the highest concentration at 0.220 μg/L. The concentrations of heavy metals in water samples were observed with order: Mn < Cu < Ni < As < Cr < Fe. In some samples, As, Fe, and Cr concentrations exceeded the drinking water quality recommended by EU, US EPA, WHO, and Turkish Regulation, while Cu, Ni, and Mn concentrations are below the guideline values. The levels of both OCPs and heavy metals were also compared with other previously published data

KONYA ŞEHRİ TAŞIT TRAFİĞİ GÜRÜLTÜ SEVİYELERİ HARİTASININ GIS VE GPS TEKNOLOJİLERİ KULLANILARAK ELDE EDİLMESİ

Traffic noise has important share in overall noise pollution in residential areas. Traffic noise is caused by vehicles on roads and railway. Air traffic also causes considerable noise. Noise levels due to the traffic on roads could exceed admissible levels especially in densely populated residential areas. In this study, vehicle traffic noises were measured at 90 different measurement points determined on main streets, where mass of traffic flow is present, in the morning hours between 07.30 and 08.30 and noon hours between 12.00 and 13.30 and evening hours between 17.00 and 18.30. In addition, 30 m and 60 m away from streets noise levels at points were also measured. Thus, noise level changes as going away from streets were determined. Obtained spatial and noise values at the points by Magellan GPS receiver and CEL 368 noise measurement device, respectively were then entered GIS environment by using ArcView GIS software to represent distribution of noise levels along Konya’s streets. A digital platform was established regarding spatial data and noise levels. As a result of this work traffic noise levels maps of Konya were established at the investigated streets.Trafikten kaynaklanan gürültü kirliliği, günümüzde yerleşim bölgelerinde oluşan gürültü kirliliği içerisinde önemli bir paya sahiptir. Trafik gürültüsü kara, demiryolu ve hava trafiğinden kaynaklanan gürültüdür ve özellikle karayolu taşımacılığının, ulaşımın ve kentleşmenin yoğun olduğu bölgelerde karayolu gürültüsü gürültü kontrol yönetmeliğinde belirtilen sınırların üzerine çıkabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Konya’da trafiğin yoğun olduğu ana caddeler üzerinde belirlenen yaklaşık 90 farklı noktada 07.30-08.30, 12.00-13.30 ve 17.00-18.30 saatleri arasında hafta içerisinde oluşan gürültü ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca cadde üzerindeki noktalardan iç kısımlara 30 metre ve 60 metre daha girilerek bu noktalardaki gürültü ölçümleri yapılmış ve caddeden uzaklaştıkça gürültü düzeyindeki değişim incelenmiştir. Çalışmada gürültü düzeylerinin ölçüldüğü noktalara ait konumsal verilerin toplanmasında Magellan marka düşük maliyetli bir el GPS (Küresel konum belirleme sistemi) alıcısı kullanılmış ve elde edilen öznitelik (gürültü) verileri ile GPS aracılığıyla üretilen konum bilgileri ArcView yazılımı kullanılarak ilişkilendirilerek GIS (Coğrafik bilgi sistemi-CBS) ortamına aktarılmıştır. Bu sayede konumsal verilerle ilişkilendirilmiş gürültü verileri üzerinde her türlü analizin yapılabileceği sayısal bir platform oluşturulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın bir sonucu olarak da Konya şehri taşıt trafiği gürültü seviye haritaları ölçüm yapılan güzergahlar için üretilmiştir

The physical and physicochemical properties of some Turkish thermal muds and pure clay minerals and their uses in therapy

The physical and physicochemical properties of thermal muds (peloids) from 20 spas in Turkey were defined and compared with those of naturally pure clay minerals, smectite, illite, sepiolite, and kaolinite, to define the suitability of their use in pastes, masks, creams, and/or mud baths. The liquid and plastic limit values of the peloids show medium to high plasticity. The values of the pure clay minerals vary from 110 to 369 and 60 to 130, respectively, being higher than those of the peloid samples except for illite and kaolinite. The peloid samples show very soft, soft, semihard, hard, and fluid properties according to the consistency index. The CEC values of the peloids vary from 10.11 to 36.01 meq/100 g. The abrasivity of the peloids and clay minerals ranges from 0.58 to 3.12 mg/m 2 and 0.05 to 0.37 mg/m 2 , respectively. The viscosity values of the peloid samples are variable and the thixotropic values are considerably higher in some peloid samples. In the pure clay minerals, sepiolite shows high values. The oil absorption capacity of sepiolite is higher than that of the other clay minerals. The peloids with high CEC, swelling, and absorption capacity may be suitable for the removal of oils, toxins, and contaminants from the skin

Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil by Miniaturized Ultrasonic Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Selective Detection

A miniaturized ultrasonic extraction procedure was developed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. After determination of the most suitable extraction solvent with 5 min sonication time, several other parameters (sample amount, solvent volume and number of extraction times) were optimized using a 23 factorial experimental design. Recoveries of PAHs from spiked soil samples were over 90% for three different fortification levels between 50 and 300 μg/kg, and relative standard deviations of the recoveries were in the range of < 1–15%. The limits of detection ranged from 0.002 to 1.87 μg/kg. The performance of the developed procedure was also compared with other traditional Soxhlet, shake flask and large scale ultrasonic extraction procedures on real soil samples, and extraction methods showed comparable efficiencies. The proposed procedure required small volumes of solvent and sample. It was practicable, rapid and easy to use for analysis of PAHs in soils

Analysis of diclofenac in water samples using in situ derivatization-vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A novel micro-extraction technique for a rapid and sensitive analysis of diclofenac (DCF) in water samples has been developed. DCF was derivatized and extracted simultaneously using vortex-assisted liquid-liquid micro-extraction (VALLME) prior to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. The effects of extraction solvent volume, extraction and derivatization time and ionic strength of the sample were studied using 23 factorial experimental design. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: 200 μL of chloroform, 25 μL of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) derivatization reagent, vortex extraction and derivatization time 5 min at 3000 rpm. The extraction recovery for different fortification levels was 98 %. Also, the proposed micro-extraction method exhibited results comparable with the solid phase extraction of real water samples. The proposed one-step VALLME and derivatization method is simpler and faster than the conventional extraction and derivatization methods used for the determination of DCF in real water samples