Production of biodiesel from sea mango (Cerbera odollam) seed using in situ subcritical methanol–water under a non‑catalytic process.

A catalyst-free and environmentally friendly process was employed for the production of biodiesel from sea mango seed oil. This oil is non-edible and contains several fatty acids such as palmitic acid (C16), trans-9-elaidic acid (C18:1t), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolelaidic acid (C18:2n6t). The in situ extraction and transesterification of the oil were carried at the subcritical methanol–water condition. The effect of reaction temperature and time on the yield of biodiesel was studied. The maximum yield of biodiesel was 98.58% and achieved at 200 °C, 40 bar and reaction time of 6 h. The ratio among sea mango seed, methanol, and water was 2:10:1. Keywords Sea mango seed • Biodiesel • Subcritical methanol–wate

Urinary biomarkers of physical activity: candidates and clinical utility

Chronic physical inactivity is a major risk factor for a number of important lifestyle diseases, while inappropriate exposure to high physical demands is a risk factor for musculoskeletal injury and fatigue. Proteomic and metabolomic investigations of the physical activity continuum - extreme sedentariness to extremes in physical performance - offer increasing insight into the biological impacts of physical activity. Moreover, biomarkers, revealed in such studies, may have utility in the monitoring of metabolic and musculoskeletal health or recovery following injury. As a diagnostic matrix, urine is non-invasive to collect and it contains many biomolecules, which reflect both positive and negative adaptations to physical activity exposure. This review examines the utility and landscape of biomarkers of physical activity with particular reference to those found in urine