Uso de volumosos conservados na alimentação de equinos Use of conserved roughage in the horse feeding

Revisão de artigos sobre características e uso de forragens conservadas na alimentação de equinos, considerando o bem estar animal e ressaltando a necessidade de integrar a atual tecnologia do uso, fisiologia, manejo e nutrição animal. Um ponto básico e critico no manejo alimentar de equinos é a disponibilidade de forragens de alta qualidade para uso como pastagens, ou forragens conservadas na forma de fenos e silagens. Os mais tecnificados sistemas de produção animal adotaram o feno para alimentação e este é o motivo pelo qual grande parte dos artigos científicos relativos à nutrição de equinos usou o feno como volumoso. Silagens são adotadas em alguns sistemas, porém poucos artigos técnicos estão disponíveis avaliando seu uso na nutrição de equinos. Devido às características anatômicas e fisiológicas, o equino deve receber grandes quantidades de forragem e a taxa de fornecimento deve permitir a seletividade da captura e fácil ingestão da forragem. Para qualquer volumoso, o perfil nutricional deste é diferente quando oferecido na forma de pastagem ou forragem conservada, situação atribuída a seletividade e individualidade animal bem como a variação nas partes da planta. Paralelamente com o conhecimento da composição nutricional e manejo de conservação de forragem, especial atenção deve ser dada as condições ambientais de alojamento e restrição de movimentos dos animais. O planejamento de atividade física para o equino conjuntamente com o manejo adequado ajuda a prevenir problemas que afetam animais que não tem acesso a pastagem. Os fenos, silagens e pré-secados, usados quando a pastagem não é disponível, divide com o concentrado o maior número de casos de problemas de saúde. Cólica, acidose, laminite, consumo de palha e madeira estão associados a deficiências nutricionais, desconsiderando erros humanos e condições ambientais desapropriadas. Informações técnicas para melhor entendimento sobre o consumo animal em qualidade, quantidade e/ou a forma que o alimento é fornecido, vem sendo responsável pelo desempenho positivo e bom manejo de equinos mantidos em sistemas que o privam de acesso a pastos e atividades físicas.<br>This text revised some papers in literature about characteristics and use of conserved forages for horse feeding, considering animal behavior and outstanding the need of programs that could integrate the current knowledge of use, physiology, management and animal nutrition. A basic and critical nutritional condition for equine management is the availability of high quality forage for use as pasture or conserved as hay or silage. Most professional horse production systems adopt hay for animal feeding and this is why most available scientific papers regarding horse nutrition uses hay as roughage. Silages are adopted in some systems, but a smaller number of studies are available in technical literature evaluating his use in horse nutrition. Due to their anatomic and physiological characteristics, horses should be given high quality pastures and stocking rates must allow selectivity in forage capture and easy ingestion. For any forage, the nutritional profile is different if offered to animals used as pasture or conserved, due selectivity, plants part and variation among horses. Besides the analytical results of feeds and conservation processes adopted, special attention should be given to the environmental conditions of animal kept in stables or with restricted movements. A physical activity plan for horses and adherence to appropriate routines help preventing problems that affect animals without access to pasture. The hays, silages and haylages used as substitutes when pasture is not available, share with concentrates the highest position as causes of health problems. Colic, acidosis, laminitis, straw and wood consumption are associated to nutritional deficiencies, without considering human mistakes and inappropriate environmental conditions. Technical information for better understanding of animal consumption in quality, quantity or the way food is offered, has been responsible for the positive performance and good management in systems that deprive their access to pastures or physical activities

A randomised trial of timed delivery for the compromised preterm fetus:Short term outcomes and bayesian interpretation

Objectives. To compare the effect of delivering early to pre-empt terminal hypoxaemia with delaying for as long as possible to increase maturity. Design. A randomised controlled trial. Setting. 69 hospitals in 13 European countries. Participants. Pregnant women with fetal compromise between 24 and 36 weeks, an umbilical artery Doppler waveform recorded and clinical uncertainty whether immediate delivery was indicated. Methods. The interventions were 'immediate delivery' or 'delay until the obstetrician is no longer uncertain'. The data monitoring and analysis were Bayesian. Main outcome measures. 'Survival to hospital discharge' and 'developmental quotient at two years of age', this latter to be reported later. Results. Of 548 women (588 babies) recruited, outcomes were available on 547 mothers (587 babies). The median time-to-delivery intervals were 0.9 days in the immediate group and 4.9 days in the delay group. Total deaths prior to discharge were 29 (10%) in the immediate group versus 27 (9%) in the delay group (odds ratio 1.1, 95% CI 0.61-1.8). Total caesarean sections were 249 (91%) in the immediate group versus 217 (79%) in the delay group: (OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.6-4.5). These odds ratios were similar for those randomised at gestational ages above or below 30 weeks. Interpretation. The lack of difference in overall mortality suggests that clinicians participating in this trial were on average prepared to randomise at about the correct equivocal threshold between delivery and delay. However, there was insufficient evidence to convince enthusiasts for either immediate or delayed delivery that they were wrong