The effects of heat stress on morphological properties and intracellular signaling of denervated and intact soleus muscles in rats

The effects of heat stress on the morphological properties and intracellular signaling of innervated and denervated soleus muscles were investigated. Heat stress was applied to rats by immersing their hindlimbs in a warm water bath (42°C, 30 min/day, every other day following unilateral denervation) under anesthesia. During 14 days of experimental period, heat stress for a total of seven times promoted growth‐related hypertrophy in sham‐operated muscles and attenuated atrophy in denervated muscles. In denervated muscles, the transcription of ubiquitin ligase, atrogin‐1/muscle atrophy F‐box (Atrogin‐1), and muscle RING‐finger protein‐1 (MuRF‐1), genes was upregulated and ubiquitination of proteins was also increased. Intermittent heat stress inhibited the upregulation of Atrogin‐1, but not MuRF‐1 transcription. And the denervation‐caused reduction in phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt), 70‐kDa heat‐shock protein (HSP70), and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α), which are negative regulators of Atrogin‐1 and MuRF‐1 transcription, was mitigated. In sham‐operated muscles, repeated application of heat stress did not affect Atrogin‐1 and MuRF‐1 transcription, but increased the level of phosphorylated Akt and HSP70, but not PGC‐1α. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of Akt and ribosomal protein S6, which is known to stimulate protein synthesis, was increased immediately after a single heat stress particularly in the sham‐operated muscles. The effect of a heat stress was suppressed in denervated muscles. These results indicated that the beneficial effects of heat stress on the morphological properties of muscles were brought regardless of innervation. However, the responses of intracellular signaling to heat stress were distinct between the innervated and denervated muscles

プログラム生成系GeneSysにおける等式仕様への否定の導入

プログラム生成系GeneSysは一階述語論理で記述された仕様からの実行可能なプログラム生成を目的とした手法である.本論文では,GeneSysで否定記号を含む論理式を扱うために既存の変換規則を拡張し,否定記号を用いた仕様からのプログラム生成の例を示す.また,否定記号に関連する変換規則などを新たに追加し,これによりプログラムの生成が可能になる例を示す.Program-Generation System GeneSys has been proposed, which generated executable programs from first order equational specifications without negation. In this paper, we extend conversion rules of GeneSys in order to handle formulas with negation, and show a program-generation example from a specification with negation. We also propose new conversion rules related to negation and give a example that indicates benefits of the new rules