Role of Prefrontal Cortex Anti- and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in the Development of Abnormal Behaviors Induced by Disconnection of the Ventral Hippocampus in Neonate Rats

Neonatal disconnection of ventral hippocampus (VH) outputs in rats has been reported to lead to post-pubertal behavioral and synaptic changes of relevance to schizophrenia. Increased oxidative and inflammatory load in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been suggested to mediate some of the effects of neonatal VH lesion (NVHL). In this study, we hypothesized that developmental imbalance of anti- and pro-inflammatory factors within the PFC might affect synaptic development thus contributing to the adult NVHL-induced behavioral deficits. Ibotenic acid-induced excitotoxic NVHL was performed in postnatal day (PD) 7 male Sprague-Dawley rats and the mRNA levels of select pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured in the medial PFC (mPFC) at two developmental time points (PD15 and PD60). We observed a development-specific increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-1β mRNA at PD15, and an overall reduction in the expression and signaling of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, at both PD15 and PD60 in the NVHL animals. These cytokine changes were not seen in the somatosensory cortex (SSC) or tissue surrounding the lesion site. Daily administration of systemic recombinant TGF-β1 from PD7-14 prevented the appearance of hyperlocomotion, deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle and social interaction (SI) in post-pubertal (PD60) NVHL rats. Neonatal supplementation of TGF-β1 was also able to attenuate dendritic spine loss in the layer 3 mPFC pyramidal neurons of NVHL animals. These results suggest that early damage of the VH has long-lasting inflammatory consequences in distant connected structures, and that TGF-β1 has potential to confer protection against the deleterious effects of developmental hippocampal damage

Multifaceted role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a large family of calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases, are involved in the tissue remodeling and degradation of the extracellular matrix. MMPs are widely distributed in the brain and regulate various processes including microglial activation, inflammation, dopaminergic apoptosis, blood-brain barrier disruption, and modulation of α-synuclein pathology. High expression of MMPs is well documented in various neurological disorders including Parkinson\u27s disease (PD), Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD), Japanese encephalitis (JE), and Glaucoma. Although potentially critical, the role of MMPs in neuronal disorders is under-investigated. The present review summarizes the role of MMPs in neurodegeneration with a particular emphasis on PD, AD, JE, and Glaucoma

GGE biplot based assessment of yield stability, adaptability and mega-environment characterization for hybrid pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan

ABSTRACT GGE biplot methodology is a powerful tool to study relationship among test environments (E), genotypes (G) and genotype-by-environment interaction (GE). Present study was conducted on 10 short-duration genotypes in five test environments for two years, and 16 medium-duration genotypes in six test locations for three years in randomized complete block design with two replications. In short-maturity group three mega-environments (ME) were found-ME1 comprised of Phaltan, Patancheru and Hyderabad1; ME2 and 3 constituted Jalna and Aurangabad, respectively. In scenario of limited resources, Patancheru may be a good testing location for general adaptability of short-duration hybrids, while Aurangabad and Hyderabad1 may be right environments for testing specific adaptation of short-duration cultivars in pigeonpea. ICPH 2433 was a winning genotype in ME1 in terms of high yield and stability. In medium-maturity group, two MEs were observed. Jalna, Jalna 1, Parbhani and Hyderabad grouped together as ME1, while Patancheru and Phaltan formed the second mega-environment (ME2). Parbhani was found to be most representative of all the six test locations. Jalna (ME1) and Phaltan (ME2) produced longest environment vectors, and hence may be regarded as highly discriminating. In mediummaturity group ICPH 2673 was found to be stable and high-yielding genotype for ME1

A STUDY OF RECOVERY FROM GENERAL ANAESTHESIA AFTER PREOPERATIVE ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL

ABSTRACT Antimicrobials are used prophylactily in any major surgery to cover perioperative wound infection and other infectious complication ,that may have interaction with muscle relaxant used for general anesthesia and the aim of our study is drug interaction and behavioural response of newly introduced antibiotics used with rocuronium. Gentamicin shortened onset and duration of block after intubating dose of rocuronium and also prolonged duration of extubation after last dose of rocuronium where as meropenem and ceftriaxone did not alter onset, duration and recovery characterstics of rocuronium. . From our study we can conclude that meropenem and ceftriaxone but not gentamicin, can be used safely during general anesthesia. The near ideal muscle relaxant must span the range of short, intermediate and long acting duration (as required by surgical procedure),have rapid onset, be highly metabolized, have no cumulative or cardiovascular effect, to be independent of kidney for elimination, and be easily antagonized. The most commonly used clinical agentsatracurium, doxacurium, vecuronium, pancuronium and pipecuronium-demonstrate some, but not all, of these properties. KEYWORDS : Rocuronium bromide is a relatively new nondepolarizing muscle relaxant. It is the first of these agents to have an onset time possibly as brief as that of suxamethonium without adverse side effect. Rocuronium bromide is mono-quaternary, aminosteroidal, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with a rapid onset of actio

A comparative study of model ingredients: fragmentation in heavy-ion collisions using quantum molecular dynamics model

We aim to understand the role of NN cross-sections, equation of state as well as different model ingredients such as width of Gaussian, clusterisation range and different clusterisation algorithms in multifragmentation using quantum molecular dynamics model. We notice that all model ingredients have sizable effect on the fragment pattern.Comment: 12 Pages, 4 Figure