DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF PEDIATRIC CEFUROXIME AXETIL DISPERSIBLE TABLET CONTAINING ION-EXCHANGE RESIN

Objective: The aim of present work was to develop of pediatric cefuroxime axetil 125 mg dispersible tablets by using ion exchange resin as a taste masking agent and quality target product profile was defined based on the properties of the cefuroxime axetil. Methods: Initially, cefuroxime axetil and various resin complexes (DRC) were prepared with different conditions and evaluated for taste masking and drug loading. Optimized DRC was used to formulate the dispersible tablet. A 32 full factorial design was employed to study the effect of mannitol (X1) and microcrystalline cellulose PH-101 (X2) on drug release at 10 min and time taken to 80% drug release. In the present study, the following constraints were arbitrarily used for the selection of an optimized batch: Q10>65% and T80%<30 min. Multiple linear regression analysis, ANOVA and graphical representation of the influence factor by 3D plots were performed by using Sigmaplot 11.0. Checkpoint batch was prepared to validate the evolved model. Results: Among the various drug resins complex DRC-9 was found with less bitter taste which was containing kyron T-114 and among the all factorial batch F7 showed highest drug release at 10 min (Q10) and lowest time taken to 80% drug release (T80) hence batch F7 was selected as an optimized batch and it’s found to be stable in the stability evaluation. Conclusion: The results of full factorial design indicate mannitol and MCC PH-101 have a significant effect on drug release

USE OF SIMPLEX LATTICE DESIGN IN DEVELOPMENT OF ORAL SELF-NANOEMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM CONTAINING ROSUVASTATIN CALCIUM

Objective: The aim of the present work was to enhance the solubility of rosuvastatin calcium by self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) using mixtures of oil, cosolvent, surfactant and cosurfactant. Methods: Based on solubility study and emulsification efficiency, Preliminary investigations of various oils, surfactants and cosurfactants were carried out for the selection of the proper SNEDDS ingredients. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the efficient self-emulsification region. A series of SNEDDS formulations were prepared using labrasol: cremophor EL with a combination of peceol: ethyl oleate by using the simplex lattice design. Prepared formulation evaluated for refractive index, turbidimetric, droplet size, zeta potential and polydispersity index, self-emulsification, stability tests, viscosity and in vitro diffusion studies. Results: The best formula for SNEDDS in the current study were:  15% oil (peceol: ethyloleatein 1:1 ratio), 50% Labrasol and 35% Cremophor EL. All the SNEDDS batches globule size was found to be varied from 22.90±1.50 nm to 43.90±1.40 nm. and no significant variations in globule size were observed after 3 mo stability studies. All the batches % transparency was found to be varied from 95.40±1.40% to 99.50±1.10% and drug diffused in 10 min varied from 63.65±1.51% to 93.72±1.46 %. Conclusion: The data suggest the use of rosuvastatin calcium SNEDDS to offer the potential for delivery and it increases the aqueous solubility and bioavailability of the drug

A 32 FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN FOR TOPICAL CONTROLLED RELEASETAZAROTENE MICROSPONGE USING HPMC GEL

Objective: The aim of present work was to the development of control release 0.1% tazarotene microsponge and incorporated into a HPMC K-100M gel. Methods: Drug compatibility with polymer was evaluated by FT-IR spectrum. Tazarotene microsponge was prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method. On the basis of preliminary results, 32 full factorial design was employed to study the effect of Eudragit RS-100 conc. (X1) and PVA conc. (X2) on as particle size (Y1), % drug entrapment (Y2) and time required to 80% drug release (Y3). Multiple linear regression analysis, ANOVA and graphical representation of the influence factor by 3D plots were performed by using Sigma plot 11.0. In this study, the following constraints were arbitrarily used for the selection of an optimized batch: particle size<200 µm, drug entrapment>70 %, and time required to 80% drug release>360 min. The optimized formulation was subjected to SEM study. Tazarotene microsponge incorporates in 3% HPMC K-100M gel evaluated for viscosity, pH, drug content, spreadability, In vitro diffusion study, release kinetic study and photostability study. Results: The FT-IR result showed that there was no chemical interaction and SEM photograph indicates that microsponges are spherical and pores. From the results of multiple regression analysis, it was found that all factors had a statistically significant influence on all dependent variables. Conclusion: The optimized formulation of gel release kinetics having good linearity (R2= 0.987) of zero-order kinetic and it was found to be stable in the stability evaluation

OPTIMIZATION OF AQUEOUS-BASED FILM COATING PROCESS PARAMETERS CONTAINING GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

Objective: The aim of the present work was to prepare film coated tablet of glucosamine sulfate potassium chloride and study the effect of coating process parameters which implicate more significant effects on an aqueous-based film coating process of tablets. Methods: The different batches of uncoated tablets were prepared by wet granulation method. Aqueous film coating was carried out by using opadry®II white 85F18422. A 32 full factorial design was employed to study the effect of spray rate (X1) and inlet air temperature (X2) on coating uniformity, coating process efficiency and % loss on drying. The surface characteristics of the aqueous based film coated tablet were studied using a SEM. Check point batch was prepared to validate the evolved model. Results: Preliminary trials indicated that individually process parameters affected the quality of coated tablets. Hence, studied the combined effect of these factors on the coating process required and 32 full factorial design was applied. In this study, it was seen that spray rate and inlet air temperature had a major effect on tablet coating process. It was observed from factorial batch that maximum drug release was found in batch F5. Conclusion: The results of full factorial design indicate both parameters spray rate (X1) and inlet air temperature (X2) have significant effect on coating process and batch F5 is stable for 3 mo at accelerated condition

A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT OF TASTE MASKED EFFERVESCENT TABLETS OF SILDENAFIL CITRATE CONTAINING KYRON T134

Objective: The aim of present work was to mask the bitter taste of sildenafil citrate by preparing drug resin complex (DRC) and develop sildenafil citrate 100 mg effervescent tablets. Methods: Sildenafil citrate and kyron T134 complexes were prepared at different conditions and evaluated for taste and drug loading. Optimized DRC was use to formulate the dispersible tablet by direct compression technique. A 32 full factorial design was use to study the effect of effervescent agent (X1) and croscarmellose sodium (X2) on dispersion time (Y1) and wetting time (Y2). Factorial batches were also evaluated for thickness, hardness, content uniformity, friability, in vitro drug release and stability studies. Multiple linear regression analysis, ANOVA and graphical representation of the influence factor by 3D plots were performing by using sigma plot 11.0. A Check point batch was design according to the results of desirability value and evaluated for all the parameter Results: FT-IR study confirm that sildenafil citrate and kyron T134 were compatible with each other. Among the various DRC batch B29 was found with less bitter and give a more drug loading. Checkpoint batch showed no significance difference between predicted value and actual value for dispersion time and wetting time and it was found stable during stability study. Conclusion: Sildenafil citrate bitter tast was masked by kyron T134 and full factorial design result was indicate that independent variables have significant effect on dependent variable

PART I: OPTIMIZATION OF HYDRALAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE IMMEDIATE RELEASE LAYER IN ANTIHYPERTENSIVE BILAYER TABLET

Objective: Aim of the present study was the optimization of the immediate release (IR) layer containing hydralazine hydrochloride (HHC) 25 mg and compressed with a sustained-release (SR) layer of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) 40 mg to decrease the dosing frequency. Methods: In this study, Drug-excipients compatibility study was carried out by FT-IR and a preliminary trial was conducted for screening of super disintegrating agents. The amount of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) (X1) and the amount of ac-di-sol® (X2) was chosen as independent variables in 32 full factorial design while wetting time (WT) (Y1), disintegration time (DT) (Y2) and In vitro drug release at 15 min (Q15) (Y3) were taken as dependent variables. Multiple linear regression analysis, ANOVA, and graphical representation of the influence of factor by 3D plots were performed by using sigma plot 13.0. In the present study, the following constraints were used for the selection of an optimized batch: WT<16 s, DT<25 s, and Q15>90%. To validate the evolved mathematical models, a checkpoint batch was selected from its desirability value. Results: FT-IR spectra show that the drug and excipients were compatible with each other. The calculated F values found for WT, DT, and Q15 were 045.559, 077.100 and 278.760, respectively. All Calculated F values are greater than tabulated values for all dependent variables. Prepared checkpoint was selected from its desirability value 0.935 and it gives a 100% drug release within 30 min. Conclusion: These results confirm that the prepared HHC 25 mg IR layer is used for rapid control of hypertension

Revolutionizing Agriculture: Machine Learning-Driven Crop Recommendations and Disease Detection in Fertilizer Management

Modern agriculture faces a multitude of challenges, including crop failures, disease outbreaks, and suboptimal yields, primarily stemming from the underutilization of advanced farming technologies and a lack of expert guidance. This research proposes a comprehensive solution consisting of three key components: a Crop Disease Detection System, a Fertilizer Recommendation System, and a Crop Suggestion System. The Crop Disease Detection System employs state-of-the-art technology to evaluate crop health by analyzing the condition of plant leaves, enabling early and accurate identification of agricultural diseases. Simultaneously, the Fertilizer Recommendation System leverages soil quality data and environmental factors to provide personalized fertilizer recommendations, optimizing nutrient application. An essential element of this system is a robust soil testing module, recognizing the critical importance of assessing soil quality. Soil fertility evaluation, guided by soil pH measurements, enables precise crop predictions. The proposed system utilizes Machine Learning classification algorithms to predict suitable crops based on essential soil parameters—Phosphorus, Potassium, and Nitrogen levels. It also offers tailored fertilizer recommendations to enhance soil fertility. By implementing these interconnected solutions, this research aims to significantly improve crop yields while reducing crop damage. This holistic approach empowers farmers with the tools and knowledge needed to enhance agricultural productivity and food security. Anticipated outcomes include higher crop yields and a reduced vulnerability of crops to diseases, contributing to a more sustainable and prosperous agricultural sector

Analysis of Transcripts Expressed in One-Day-Old Larvae and Fifth Instar Silk Glands of Tasar Silkworm, Antheraea mylitta

Antheraea mylitta is one of the wild nonmulberry silkworms, which produces tasar silk. An EST project has been undertaken to understand the gene expression profile of A. mylitta silk gland. Two cDNA libraries, one from the whole bodies of one-day-old larvae and the other from the silkglands of fifth instar larvae, were constructed and sequenced. A total of 2476 good-quality ESTs (1239 clones) were obtained and grouped into 648 clusters containing 390 contigs and 258 singletons to represent 467 potential unigenes. Forty-five sequences contained putative coding region, and represented potentially novel genes. Among the 648 clusters, 241 were categorized according to Gene Ontology hierarchy and showed presence of several silk and immune-related genes. The A. mylitta ESTs have been organized into a freely available online database “AmyBASE”. These data provide an initial insight into the A. mylitta transcriptome and help to understand the molecular mechanism of silk protein production in a Lepidopteran species

AN APPROACH TO ENHANCE THE SOLUBILITY OF RIFAPENTINE BY SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUE USING HYDROPHILIC CARRIERS

The aim of this present work was to improve the dissolution profile of Rifapentine (RPT) using solid dispersions technique with PVP K-30 or HPMC as the carrier, in different ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 by the kneading method and solvent evaporation method. For the purpose of comparison, another formulation was prepared by the method of physical mixture with the drug and carrier weight ratios of same. The prepared solid dispersions (SDs) were optimized on the basis of evaluation of Solubility, Drug Release rate and % drug content. Optimized formulation is than characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Particle size analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in order to ascertain any physicochemical interactions between the drug and carrier that could affect the dissolution profile of the drug. The dissolution studies were conducted for pure RPT and all the formulated solid dispersions. All the solid dispersions prepared by kneading method and solvent evaporation method showed an enhanced dissolution profile of Rifapentine, as compared to that of pure drug alone but among them all the solid dispersion prepared with PVP-K30 by solvent evaporation method in 1:3 ratio showed better enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate