The use of stainless steel in structures

The past 15 years have seen the introduction or major revision of structural stainless steel design codes throughout the world, and at the same time, interest in the use of stainless steel in construction has been accelerating. Historically the high initial material cost of stainless steel has limited its use primarily to specialist and prestige applications. However, the emergence of design codes, a better awareness of the additional benefits of stainless steel and a transition towards sustainability are bringing more widespread use into conventional structures. Although a number of similarities between stainless steel and ordinary carbon steel exist, there is sufficient diversity in their physical properties to require separate treatment in structural design. In addition to the straightforward differences in basic material properties (such as Young's modulus and yield strength), further fundamental differences exist, such as the nature of the stress–strain curve and the material's response to cold-work and elevated temperatures; these have implications at ultimate, serviceability and fire limit states. This paper describes the use of stainless steel as a structural material, discusses current structural design provisions, reviews recent research activities and highlights the important findings and developments

Counselors\u27 and clients\u27 experience of counselor self-disclosure

This study explores the counselors\u27 and the clients\u27 experience of counselors\u27 self-disclosure. It also explores how the counselors view self-disclosure in the therapeutic process. It further explores the counselors\u27 reasons for non-disclosing to their clients. The participants selected through purposive sampling, consisted of 8 counselor-client pairs and 3 non-disclosing counselors from universities in Metro Manila. The age range of counselors and clients was 35-75 and 20-44, respectively. Data gathering was done through personal interviews by using interview-guide questionnaire. The results showed that most of the counselors consider counselors\u27 self-disclosure as revealing some personal experiences and sharing personal information . Most of the counselors in the study viewed counselors\u27 disclosure as an effective tool in the counseling process, while a few viewed it as a source of transference and counter transference that makes the client more dependent. A unanimous reason given by non-disclosing counselors for not divulging to their clients is to enable them to use the resources. The counselors engaged in self-disclosure when they noticed that their clients were stagnant and needed support. Both the counselors and the clients experienced that the counselors\u27 self-disclosure brought changes in their attitudes and behavior. The clients claimed that they felt accepted, trusted, honored and became more confident. It helped them to discover themselves and improve their relationships. However, some clients felt that the disclosures of their counselors were irrelevant and therefore did not benefit them. They expressed the view that they preferred their counselors to listen and to understand them. This indicates that self-disclosure should be appropriate, relevant and within a time frame