Parkinsonism caused by adverse drug reactions: a case series

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Parkinsonism puts a high direct cost burden on both patient and caregiver. Several reports of drug-induced parkinsonism have been published, but to the best of our knowledge, there has not been any report of quinine or halothane inducing parkinsonism.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We describe two cases of parkinsonism possibly caused by adverse drug reaction to quinine in a 29-year-old black Nigerian woman and to halothane in a 36-year-old black Hausa (Nigerian) man who received it as general anaesthesia for appendicectomy in our teaching hospital.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These are two unusual cases of parkinsonism caused by adverse drug reactions to high-dose quinine and to halothane as general anaesthesia. We consider that these two cases are important in bringing this potential side-effect to the attention of both pharmacologists and primary care physicians as these are two of the most commonly used medications in our clinics. We conclude that parkinsonism should be included among the adverse drug reactions to high-dose quinine and halothane general anaesthetic.</p

Bio-inspired CO 2 reduction by a rhenium tricarbonyl bipyridine-based catalyst appended to amino acids and peptidic platforms: incorporating proton relays and hydrogen-bonding functional groups

Herein, we report a new approach to bio-inspired catalyst design. The molecular catalyst employed in these studies is based on the robust and selective Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl-type (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) homogeneous catalysts, which have been extensively studied for their ability to reduce CO2 electrochemically or photochemically in the presence of a photosensitizer. These catalysts can be highly active photocatalysts in their own right. In this work, the bipyridine ligand was modified with amino acids and synthetic peptides. These results build on earlier findings wherein the bipyridine ligand was functionalized with amide groups to promote dimer formation and CO2 reduction by an alternate bimolecular mechanism at lower overpotential (ca. 250 mV) than the more commonly observed unimolecular process. The bio-inspired catalysts were designed to allow for the incorporation of proton relays to support reduction of CO2 to CO and H2O. The coupling of amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine led to the formation of two structurally similar Re catalyst/peptide catalysts for comparison of proton transport during catalysis. This article reports the synthesis and characterization of novel catalyst/peptide hybrids by molecular dynamics (MD simulations of structural dynamics), NMR studies of solution phase structures, and electrochemical studies to measure the activities of new bio-inspired catalysts in the reduction of CO2

Designing electrochemically reversible H2 oxidation and production catalysts

The most energy-efficient electrocatalysts mediate forward and reverse reactions at high rates with minimal overpotential requirements. Such electrocatalytic reversibility is commonly observed for redox enzymes and is an attribute that we have sought to bestow on synthetic molecules to realize highly active and robust catalysts for applications in renewable energy. The recent development of the first synthetic molecular catalysts that reversibly mediate H2???2?H+?+?2e? exploits an enzyme-inspired outer coordination sphere that works in concert with both first and second coordination spheres. In this Perspective, we discuss a series of molecular Ni catalysts for H2 production and oxidation that exhibit electrochemical reversibility. Study of these catalysts allows us to identify important first, second and outer coordination sphere features necessary for efficient conversions of H2 and provides direction for the rational design of electrocatalysts that operate on other small molecules.by Arnab.Dutta, Aaron.M. Appel and Wendy J. Sha