Tribological evaluations of polyester composites considering three orientations of CSM glass fibres using BOR machine

[Abstract]: In the current work, the effects of chopped strand mat (CSM) glass fibre 450 g/m2 on tribo-properties of unsaturated polyester are evaluated. Experimental tests were performed by using Block on Ring (BOR) machine against polished stainless steel under dry contact condition. Three principle orientations of CSM glass fibre in the matrix were considered, i.e. namely Parallel (P-O), Anti-Parallel (AP-O) and Normal (N-O). Specific wear rate, friction coefficient and interface temperature were determined and presented as a function of applied load (30–100 N), and sliding distance (0–14 km) at two different sliding velocities (2.8 and 3.9 m/s). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the damages features on the worn surfaces. The results showed that the orientations of CSM glass fibre significantly influenced the tribological performance of polyester composite. Better tribo performance were achieved when the polyester was reinforced with CSM glass fibre and tested at Parallel orientation. Moreover, specific wear rate and friction coefficient of polyester was reduced by 75%, and 55% at P-O of CGRP composite. The damage features were predominated by debonding of fibers, matrix deformation and polyester debris transfer

Direct observation of the dead-cone effect in quantum chromodynamics

At particle collider experiments, elementary particle interactions with large momentum transfer produce quarks and gluons (known as partons) whose evolution is governed by the strong force, as described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [1]. The vacuum is not transparent to the partons and induces gluon radiation and quark pair production in a process that can be described as a parton shower [2]. Studying the pattern of the parton shower is one of the key experimental tools in understanding the properties of QCD. This pattern is expected to depend on the mass of the initiating parton, through a phenomenon known as the dead-cone effect, which predicts a suppression of the gluon spectrum emitted by a heavy quark of mass m and energy E, within a cone of angular size m/E around the emitter [3]. A direct observation of the dead-cone effect in QCD has not been possible until now, due to the challenge of reconstructing the cascading quarks and gluons from the experimentally accessible bound hadronic states. Here we show the first direct observation of the QCD dead-cone by using new iterative declustering techniques [4, 5] to reconstruct the parton shower of charm quarks. This result confirms a fundamental feature of QCD, which is derived more generally from its origin as a gauge quantum field theory. Furthermore, the measurement of a dead-cone angle constitutes the first direct experimental observation of the non-zero mass of the charm quark, which is a fundamental constant in the standard model of particle physics.The direct measurement of the QCD dead cone in charm quark fragmentation is reported, using iterative declustering of jets tagged with a fully reconstructed charmed hadron.In particle collider experiments, elementary particle interactions with large momentum transfer produce quarks and gluons (known as partons) whose evolution is governed by the strong force, as described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). These partons subsequently emit further partons in a process that can be described as a parton shower which culminates in the formation of detectable hadrons. Studying the pattern of the parton shower is one of the key experimental tools for testing QCD. This pattern is expected to depend on the mass of the initiating parton, through a phenomenon known as the dead-cone effect, which predicts a suppression of the gluon spectrum emitted by a heavy quark of mass $m_{\rm{Q}}$ and energy $E$, within a cone of angular size $m_{\rm{Q}}$/$E$ around the emitter. Previously, a direct observation of the dead-cone effect in QCD had not been possible, owing to the challenge of reconstructing the cascading quarks and gluons from the experimentally accessible hadrons. We report the direct observation of the QCD dead cone by using new iterative declustering techniques to reconstruct the parton shower of charm quarks. This result confirms a fundamental feature of QCD. Furthermore, the measurement of a dead-cone angle constitutes a direct experimental observation of the non-zero mass of the charm quark, which is a fundamental constant in the standard model of particle physics