Precision Measurement of the Proton Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays from Rigidity 1 GV to 1.8 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

A precise measurement of the proton flux in primary cosmic rays with rigidity (momentum/charge) from 1 GV to 1.8 TV is presented based on 300 million events. Knowledge of the rigidity dependence of the proton flux is important in understanding the origin, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays. We present the detailed variation with rigidity of the flux spectral index for the first time. The spectral index progressively hardens at high rigidities.</p

Anti-Tumor Efficacy of Gene Vaccine Expressing PSMA

OBJECTIVE To observe anti-tumor effects of PVAX-PSMA gene vaccine. METHODS The PSMA gene was inserted into a mammalian expression vector, PVAX-1, to construct the DNA vaccine candidate, and was then used to vaccinate C57BL/6 mice. Animals vaccinated with PVAX-1 and NaCl were used as controls. Anti-PSMA antibody was detected in sera of the animals. The proliferation and cytotoxicity of the spleen cells were observed. The immunized mice were inoculated with RM-1 cells. The mice were inoculated with RM-1 cells, and then the mice were immunized. The anti-tumor efficacy of the gene vaccine was evaluated by the ratio of tumor formation, tumor volume, tumor mass before and a er gene vaccination and evaluated by survival rate of the immunized mice.RESULTS High level of anti-PSMA antibody was induced in the PVAX-PSMA group. The splenocytes from PVAX-PSMA group were stimulated to produce strong proliferation responses and significant cytotoxic T-cells (CTL) activity. After the mice were immunized with PVAX-PSMA gene, tumor occurrence was decreased, and the growth velocity of tumor was markedly reduced, resulting in prolonged tumor-free time (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION PVAX-PSMA gene vaccine has significant anti- tumor effects and provides an experimental basis for primary prevention and immunotherapy of prostate cancer