Solid Waste Management and Route OptimizationBy Using GIS-A Case Study of Indapur City

: In today’s world solid waste management is a global environmental issue. In India this issue is not taken seriously. There is a tremendous amount of loss in terms of environmental degradation, health hazards and loss due to direct disposal of waste. There has to be appropriate planning for proper solid waste management by means of analysis of the waste situation of the area. The growth in the urban population and activity has resulted in an increased solid waste generation. In the process of solid waste management, more attention needs to be paid towards collection as it itself requires 60-70% of the total cost. For effective management, the municipal corporation of Indapur has divided the entire region into seventeen wards which are further divided into six health units to collect the solid waste. Two alternate disposal systems are considered. In first case the entire solid waste of the city of Indapur is dumped at one dumping site. In next case there are three sites proposed at different locations in the city Indapur city. A comparison is made considering transportation cost, site maintenance cost, labour cost, and diesel cost. This study would deal with, how Geographical Information System (GIS) can be used as a decision support tool for planning waste management and for route optimization. Hence an attempt is made in this study to second optimum route for solid waste transportation in Indapur city. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150516

Single seed-based high-throughput genotyping and rapid generation advancement for accelerated groundnut genetics and breeding research

The groundnut breeding program at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics routinely performs marker-based early generation selection (MEGS) in thousands of segregating populations. The existing MEGS includes planting of segregating populations in fields or glasshouses, label tagging, and sample collection using leaf-punch from 20–25 day old plants followed by genotyping with 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms based early generation selection marker panels in a high throughput genotyping (HTPG) platform. The entire process is laborious, time consuming, and costly. Therefore, in order to save the time of the breeder and to reduce the cost during MEGS, we optimized a single seed chipping (SSC) process based MEGS protocol and deployed on large scale by genotyping >3000 samples from ongoing groundnut breeding program. In SSC-based MEGS, we used a small portion of cotyledon by slicing-off the posterior end of the single seed and transferred to the 96-deep well plate for DNA isolation and genotyping at HTPG platform. The chipped seeds were placed in 96-well seed-box in the same order of 96-well DNA sampling plate to enable tracking back to the selected individual seed. A high germination rate of 95–99% from the chipped seeds indicated that slicing of seeds from posterior end does not significantly affect germination percentage. In addition, we could successfully advance 3.5 generations in a year using a low-cost rapid generation turnover glass-house facility as compared to routine practice of two generations in field conditions. The integration of SSC based genotyping and rapid generation advancement (RGA) could significantly reduce the operational requirement of person-hours and expenses, and save a period of 6–8 months in groundnut genetics and breeding research

Mesoscopic interplay of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in ultra-small metallic grains

We review the effects of electron-electron interactions on the ground-state spin and the transport properties of ultra-small chaotic metallic grains. Our studies are based on an effective Hamiltonian that combines a superconducting BCS-like term and a ferromagnetic Stoner-like term. Such terms originate in pairing and spin exchange correlations, respectively. This description is valid in the limit of a large dimensionless Thouless conductance. We present the ground-state phase diagram in the fluctuation-dominated regime where the single-particle mean level spacing is comparable to the bulk BCS pairing gap. This phase diagram contains a regime in which pairing and spin exchange correlations coexist in the ground-state wave function. We discuss the calculation of the tunneling conductance for an almost-isolated grain in the Coulomb-blockade regime, and present measurable signatures of the competition between superconductivity and ferromagnetism in the mesoscopic fluctuations of the conductance.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, To be published in the proceedings of the NATO Advance Research Workshop "Recent Advances in Nonlinear Dynamics and Complex System Physics.

A new approach to micro-level energy planning--A case of northern parts of Rajasthan, India

The gap in demand and supply of energy can be met by optimal allocation of energy resources. In developing countries like India, demand for energy is constantly rising. Conventional energy supply options have failed to cope up with this increase. Therefore, it is required to plan the allocation at micro-level also. A micro-level energy planning thus becomes pragmatic for sustainable development. Micro-level energy planning aims at optimal resource allocation thereby reducing dependence on commercial energy and reducing associated environmental hazards, and opening new avenues for employment generation. This paper considers energy consumption patterns in northern part of Rajasthan, India to arrive at micro-level plan using multi-objective goal programming approach. Optimal energy resource allocation for various end-uses has been deduced. In conventional micro-level energy planning the region is defined as village or taluk or district. Inter-village energy mix have been attempted to define region for energy planning in the present text. The results of inter-village mix show that the energy mix of two villages at micro-level results in better utilization of available energy sources compared to an individual village. The methodology suggested gives the flexibility of defining a region to the energy planner.Micro-level energy planning Goal programming Inter-village mix

Modeling of hybrid renewable energy systems

Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are becoming popular for remote area power generation applications due to advances in renewable energy technologies and subsequent rise in prices of petroleum products. Economic aspects of these technologies are sufficiently promising to include them in developing power generation capacity for developing countries. Research and development efforts in solar, wind, and other renewable energy technologies are required to continue for, improving their performance, establishing techniques for accurately predicting their output and reliably integrating them with other conventional generating sources. The paper describes methodologies to model HRES components, HRES designs and their evaluation. The trends in HRES design show that the hybrid PV/wind energy systems are becoming gaining popular. The issues related to penetration of these energy systems in the present distribution network are highlighted.Hybrid renewable energy systems Modeling Optimization Penetration potential

One-step synthesis of polyethylene microspheres using a modified chemical route for pulmonary drug delivery

Polyethylene microspheres (microparticles) were prepared using a modified chemical route. The prepared powder samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The scanning electron microscopy images show that the concentration of polyglycolic acid decreased the agglomeration and increased the degree of sphericity of the polyethylene microspheres. The results show that the polyethylene microparticles may be good candidates as drug carriers for pulmonary drug delivery

Voluntary intake, digestibility and nutritive value of coastal bermuda grass (cynodon dactylon) employed as sole feed for rabbits

[EN] Nutritional evaluation of Coastal Bermuda grass as a sole feed was undertaken in adult male N"Z>N rabbits. There was a constant decrease (- 18g/day) in body weight of rabbits during_ the three weeks experimental period. Daily DM intake was very low (31g). Digestibilig of all the nutrients especially that of cruda protein CP) and structural carbohydrates was low : DM 52.6 %, P 48.9 % and crude fibra 26.4 %. For rabbits, digestible CP content was 5.7g in 1 OOg of DM of Coastal Bermuda grass, and calculated DE content was 2.11 Mcal/kg DM. The results of the study indicate that Coastal Bermuda grass had very poor nutritiva value for adult rabbits and could not supply adequate nutrients even for maintenance.[FR] L 'évaluation nutritionnelle du gros chiendent a été faite avec des lapins NZW adultes máles. Durant la période expérimentale de 3 semaines le poids vif des animaux a diminué constamment (- 18g/jour). La matiere sache ingérée par jour était tres faible (31g). La digestibilité de tous les éléments nutritifs, en particulier ce/le des proteines et des carbohydrates structuraux, était tres faible : MS 52,6 %, proteines 48,9 % et cellulose brute 26,4 %. Pour le lapin, la teneur en proteines digestibles de C. dactylon est de 5. 7 g/1 OOg de MS. Sa teneur en énergie digestible calculée est de 2110 kcal/kg MS. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que le Cynodon dactylon a une tres faible valeur nutritiva pour des lapins adultas et ne peut pas fournir les éléments nutritifs nécessaires a la cowerture de leurs besoins d'entretien.Deshmukh, S.; Pathak, N.; Randhe, S.; Deshmukh, S. (1993). Voluntary intake, digestibility and nutritive value of coastal bermuda grass (cynodon dactylon) employed as sole feed for rabbits. World Rabbit Science. doi:10.4995/wrs.1993.202SWORD01