Nearest fuzzy number of type L-R to an arbitrary fuzzy number with applications to fuzzy linear system

The fuzzy operations on fuzzy numbers of type L-R are much easier than general fuzzy numbers. It would be interesting to approximate a fuzzy number by a fuzzy number of type L-R. In this paper, we state and prove two significant application inequalities in the monotonic functions set. These inequalities show that under a condition, the nearest fuzzy number of type L-R to an arbitrary fuzzy number exists and is unique. After that, the nearest fuzzy number of type L-R can be obtained by solving a linear system. Note that the trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are a particular case of the fuzzy numbers of type L-R. The proposed method can represent the nearest trapezoidal fuzzy number to a given fuzzy number. Finally, to approximate fuzzy solutions of a fuzzy linear system, we apply our idea to construct a framework to find solutions of crisp linear systems instead of the fuzzy linear system. The crisp linear systems give the nearest fuzzy numbers of type L-R to fuzzy solutions of a fuzzy linear system. The proposed method is illustrated with some examples

Comparison of antibiotics and bacteriocins antibacterial activity on Xanthomonas citri subsp.citri

Citrus canker is a citrus disease species created by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp.citri. Many citrus, such as oranges, lime, and grapefruit are affected by the infectious bacteria and stems, leaves and fruits are experiencing loss. In this experiment antibacterial effects of five kinds of antibiotics including ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, penicillin, streptomycin, Cronobacteriocin DGH2 and Enterobacteriocin DGH4 were evaluated on 107 strains of Xanthomonas citri subsp.citri. MIC and MBC data for antibiotics and bacteriocins against Xanthomonas strains were performed. According to this project, Xanthomonas strains were comparatively susceptible and resistant to Cronobacteriocin DGH2, Enterobacteriocin DGH4, ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, penicillin and streptomycin. NIGEB-183 strain is the most sensitive to these antibiotics and bacteriocins. However, only the NIGEB-242R1 strain is resistant to chloramphenicol. Penicillin has minimum inhibitory effects on Xanthomonas strains. Based on this case study, chloramphenicol is the most antibacterial activity among antibacterial agents and this compound is a good candidate for inhibitory activity. Cronobacteriocin DGH2 has a moderate antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas strains

Evaluation of the Effect of Day and Night Temperature Fluctuations in different Seasons of the Year on the Fruit Formation of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Lines

Introduction Capsicum is a plant sensitive to temperature fluctuations at day and night, and temperature changes strongly affect the quality of the fruit. Identification of tolerant genotypes to temperature fluctuations that naturally produce parthenocarp and marketable fruit is important for use in breeding programs and the production of hybrids with appropriate fruit weight and size and high marketability. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the reaction of the lines related to three populations of sweet pepper (A: red fruit, B: orange fruit and C: yellow fruit) obtained from five generations of self-polination (by generation management by single-seed bulk method), a greenhouse factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three different temperature conditions including optimal day and night temperature (day temperature 25± 2 and night temperature 20 ± 2 °C), low night temperature (day temperature 25± 2 and night temperature 11± 2 °C) and high day temperature (day temperature 40± 2 and night temperature 20 ± 2 °C). For this purpose, 100 lines from each population were planted in three separate greenhouses with the mentioned temperatures. Percentage of seedless fruit lines per population or Parthenocarp fruits (including seedless fruits that had at least 50% by weight of seeded and natural fruits and other seedless fruits that were deformed and small in size (knot) were removed), height Plant, day to ripening and number of fruit lobes per 100 lines of each population were measured in three different temperature conditions. Due to the fact that the lines within each population were different from the other population lines, so the data analysis was performed as a complex sequential-factorial design. Also, due to the importance of fruit characteristics in seedless fruit lines and seeded fruits, analysis of variance of these lines in a completely randomized design (15 treatments in 3 replications) using SAS v software 9.2 was performed and the comparison of the mean of the evaluated traits was performed using Duncan's multiple range test at 5% probability level.   Results and Discussion The results showed that under optimal temperature conditions, all lines had good growth and no parthenocarpic plants were observed in the evaluated populations, but day and night temperature fluctuations outside the optimal temperature range caused significant changes in plant growth, fruit development. And seeds were formed. The effect of high day temperature on the evaluated characteristics was less than low night temperature. With a sharp drop in night temperature, population A produced the highest percentage of seedless fruit plants. The percentage of parthenocarp lines of populations B and C were significantly lower than population A at low night and daytime temperatures. Population C was less affected by adverse day and night temperatures than the other two populations. Fruit size, fruit weight and fruit shape index, which are the most important determinants of fruit marketing, were strongly affected by day and night temperature fluctuations. In all three populations evaluated, fruit length was significantly negatively affected by low night temperature more than high day temperature, which resulted in distortion of fruit shape index. Fruit shape index, which is the result of the ratio of length to diameter of fruit, in marketable fruits is 1-1.02. As the fruit length increases and the fruit diameter remains constant or decreases, the shape index increases from 1.02, and as the fruit diameter increases with decreasing fruit length, which is usually achieved under cold stress conditions, this number decreases below one. Based on the results, the three populations evaluated had different fruit lengths under optimal temperature conditions, which, with the proportion of fruit diameter to length, the fruit shape index was normal and produced marketable fruits. By decreasing the night temperature below the optimum growth temperature, fruit length decreased sharply in the three evaluated populations, and this decrease was greater in seedless fruits. According to Table 2, the highest percentage of fruit length reduction at low night temperature was observed in population A and in seedless fruits. In this temperature condition, fruit length decreased by 43% in seedless fruits and 17.5% in seeded fruits. The lowest decrease in fruit length at low night temperature was related to population C. Fruit length in seeded and non-seeded fruits of this population decreased by 12 and 24%, respectively. However, the percentage of fruit reduction in the total populations evaluated was 13.90 and 33.69% on average in seeded and seedless fruits, respectively. Although the length of the fruit was less affected by the high temperature during the day than the low temperature at night, but the trend of fruit length changes in these temperature conditions was similar to the low temperature at night. The average decrease in fruit length in the total population in seeded and seedless fruits was 10.41 and 31.52%, respectively, with population C having the least and population A having the most effect from unfavorable daytime temperature. Fruit weight was also affected by the unfavorable temperature of day and night, but the negative effect of low night temperature on fruit weight was more than the unfavorable temperature of the day. According to the results, the percentage of fruit weight loss in seeded and seedless fruits at low temperature at night was 21.19 and 50.06%, respectively, and at high temperature at day, 15.98 and 50.12%. As the results show, seedless fruits had the same effect of unfavorable temperature day and night and showed the highest percentage of weight loss. Also, fruit weight in population C showed the least effect of adverse temperature day and night and no significant difference was observed between populations B and A. Expression is associated with undesirable traits that can be due to the coherence of traits or pleiotropic effects of parthenocarpic genes or physiological or molecular changes. Although in population C the number of lines with Parthenocarp fruit was 1%, but Parthenocarp fruits consisting of size and shape index are more suitable than the other two populations. The C population also showed a low percentage of Knot fruits as well as slight differences in fruit weight and shape at low temperature at night and high temperature at day. Based on the results, the three populations evaluated have different potentials in terms of reacting to adverse low temperatures at night and high temperatures during the day, and this potential can be used in future research and breeding programs to produce hybrids that tolerate temperature fluctuations

Evaluation of stocking density vannamei shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in culturing with brackish water of Caspian Sea

Recently, the development of aquaculture has focused on the use of seawater, because of freshwater crisis in the world. Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is one of the most important species for aquaculture development, because of tolerance and adaptation to different ecological conditions. One of the advantages of species in aquaculture, compatibility status is dense in the rearing period. In this study, the effect of different densities (45/m^2 , 50/m^2 , 55/m^2 and 60/m^2 ), of primary stock whiteleg shrimp postlarvae (PL12) on the growth and survival rate were evaluated. Brackish water (10.52±0.43 ppt) was providing from Caspian Sea. The experiments were performed in 12 circular concrete pond with a sandy bed (area: 78m^2 ) in four treatments and three replications for each treatment. The experiments performed in a 75-day period. In this study, the water temperature was 27.4±1.79°C. The results showed statistically difference in growth parameters and survival rate among experimental treatments (Duncan test, P<0.05). Therefore, with high levels of density, has decreased the amount of weight gain and survival rate (SR), specific growth rate (SGR) and average daily growth (ADG). In addition, the treatments were different variations of FCR (P<0.05) and not depend on the primary stock density of postlarvae. In low density (45/m^2 ) were observed the highest growth (SGR=11±0.04 and ADG=0.25±0.01 gr/day/ind.), survival rate and calculate the amount of production per 78m2 equal 43.6±3.3kg (5596±433kg/ha). Therefore, It is possibility that there is commonly increasing primary stocking of density about L. vannamei postlarvae culture in Iran

Theories of American Imperialism: A Critical Evaluation

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68828/2/10.1177_048661347400600303.pd

Epidemiological study on some environmental and management parameters affecting on WSD occurrence in Fenneropenaeus indicus and Penaeus vannamei

For the first time white spot disease (WSD) was reported in shrimp farms of khoozestan province, in southwest of IRAN in 2002. Then in 2005 the neighbor province, boushehr, was contaminated. In 2008 WSD outbreak reported in sistan-bloochestan province in southeast of Iran. In 2015 all of southern shrimp farms of country except Hormozgan, the middle southern province, which has remained free of WSD, are being contaminated. White Spot disease suspended shrimp culture in thousands hectares of shrimp farms. Considering that white spot disease has not been observed in Hormozgan province yet, the question is; to what extent environmental and management factors participated in preventing WSD outbreak or cause WSD outbreak. In this study (20102012), the effects of environmental factors and management, stressors that decrease immune system function of shrimp are discussed. In addition, the role of pathogen as the main factor of outbreak is discussed. The goal of this study is to define environmental parameters and management practices associates with outbreak of white spot disease in affected provinces and discover reasons of being Hormozgan province free of this disease. In this study the role of the local environmental factors and management practice stressors in susceptibility to WSD was determine. Both the effects of environmental factors in water of ponds including total ammonia, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, transparency, and temperature and management issues related to biosecurity are studied. There were overlaps on physical and chemical parameter values obtained in clear areas with contaminated areas .Results of the data analysis suggest that lack of association with WSD incidence was 7 times greater than WSD incidence despite of disease outbreak in sistan-bloochestan province, so other sources of white spot disease virus incidence was suspected in affected areas. Histopathological examinations and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests during project performance did not reveal white spot disease virus evidences in post larvae examined from khoozestan province stocked in farms but disease outbreak was happened in that farms , so we suspected to management practice include feed , pond preparation and carrier of disease. Recorded values of temperature and salinity in some months during inspection in Hormozgan province specified stressful condition that may lead to WSD outbreak, however the disease did not appear. Therefore the hypothesis that the water physical and chemical conditions are reasons to prevent disease outbreak in Hormozgan province is being rejected. The policy of Hormozgan’s fishery authorities, to replaced Fenneropenaeus indicus with specific pathogen free Litopenaeus vannamei, that is more resistant to some of diseases, before incidence of WSD in farms and to before being endemic in the Hormozgan province, made an advantage compare to affected southern provinces that introduced Litopenaeus vannamei after WSD prevalence to their farms. However it does not guarantee to maintain current trend of being Hormozgan province farms free of white spot disease. Therefore establishing the principals of biosecurity are strongly emphasized. Strategies taken by the proficient authorities in preparation of SPF shrimp broodstock can be the most important factor in preventing WSD. Regarding biosecurity principals purchased feed must be free of shrimp head powder. Construction the new shrimp farms should be as far as it could be away from contaminated areas

An investigation of the usefulness of rhetorical structure theory in testing reading comprehension

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN017286 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo