Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, and Fitness-The Maastricht Study

Item does not contain fulltextPURPOSE: This cross-sectional study examined the mutual independent associations of sedentary behavior, lower intensity physical activity (LPA) and higher intensity physical activity HPA (an approximation of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF). METHODS: 2,024 participants were included from The Maastricht Study (mean+/-SD age: 59.7+/-8.1 years, 49.6% men). With the activPAL3 activity monitor we assessed sedentary time (ST), sedentary pattern variables (number of sedentary breaks, average sedentary bout duration, and number of prolonged sedentary bouts (>/=30 min)), LPA, and HPA. CRF was calculated as maximum power output per kg body mass (Wmax kg) estimated from a sub-maximal cycle ergometer test. Linear regression analyses and isotemporal substitution analyses were used to examine associations of ST, sedentary pattern variables, and HPA with CRF. Analyses were stratified by sex. RESULTS: One hour of ST per day was associated with a lower Wmax kg: Bmen= -0.03 (95% CI: -0.05;-0.01) and Bwomen= -0.02 (-0.04; 0.00), independent of HPA. No statistically significant associations between sedentary patterns variables and CRF were observed. LPA was associated with a higher Wmax kg: Bmen = 0.12 (0.07;0.17) and Bwomen= 0.12 (0.07;0.18). HPA was associated with a higher Wmax kg: Bmen = 0.48 (0.38;0.58) and Bwomen= 0.27 (0.18;0.36). Replacing ST with LPA (Bmen = 0.08 (0.03;0.14), Bwomen= 0.10 (0.05;0.16)) or with HPA (Bmen = 0.49 (0.39;0.59), Bwomen= 0.28 (0.19;0.36)), but not with standing was associated with higher CRF. CONCLUSION: Modest associations between sedentary behavior and CRF were observed. Replacing ST with LPA was associated with higher CRF, which could be of particular importance for individuals who cannot engage in HPA. Nonetheless, replacing ST with HPA was associated with greatest estimated change in CRF

Device-measured sitting time and musculoskeletal pain in adults with normal glucose metabolism, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes-The Maastricht Study.

BACKGROUND: Detrimental associations of sedentary behaviour (time spent sitting) with musculoskeletal pain (MSP) conditions have been observed. However, findings on those with, or at risk of, type 2 diabetes (T2D) have not been reported. We examined the linear and non-linear associations of device-measured daily sitting time with MSP outcomes according to glucose metabolism status (GMS). METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 2827 participants aged 40-75 years in the Maastricht Study (1728 with normal glucose metabolism (NGM); 441 with prediabetes; 658 with T2D), for whom valid data were available on activPAL-derived daily sitting time, MSP [neck, shoulder, low back, and knee pain], and GMS. Associations were examined by logistic regression analyses, adjusted serially for relevant confounders, including moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and body mass index (BMI). Restricted cubic splines were used to further examine non-linear relationships. RESULTS: The fully adjusted model (including BMI, MVPA, and history of cardiovascular disease) showed daily sitting time to be significantly associated with knee pain in the overall sample (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.01-1.12) and in those with T2D (OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.00-1.22); this was not statistically significant in those with prediabetes (OR = 1.04, 95%CI: 0.91-1.18) or NGM (OR = 1.05, 95%CI: 0.98-1.13). There were no statistically significant associations between daily sitting time and neck, shoulder, or low back pain in any of the models. Furthermore, the non-linear relationships were statistically non-significant. CONCLUSION: Among middle-aged and older adults with T2D, daily sitting time was significantly associated with higher odds of knee pain, but not with neck, shoulder, or low back pain. No significant association was observed in those without T2D for neck, shoulder, low back, or knee pain. Future studies, preferably those utilising prospective designs, could examine additional attributes of daily sitting (e.g., sitting bouts and domain-specific sitting time) and the potential relationships of knee pain with mobility limitations

Salmon consumption by pregnant women reduces ex vivo umbilical cord endothelial cell activation

Background: In vitro exposure of endothelial cells (ECs) to n−3 (omega-3) long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs) reduces cell adhesion molecule (CAM) expression. However, to our knowledge, no previous human studies have examined the influence of an altered diet on CAM expression.Objective: We assessed whether salmon (rich in n−3 LCPUFAs) consumption twice a week during pregnancy affected offspring umbilical vein EC CAM expression.Design: Women were randomly assigned to maintain their habitual diets or to consume 2 portions of salmon per week during pregnancy months 4–9. ECs were isolated from umbilical cord veins collected at birth and cultured. The cell surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) was assessed by flow cytometry after the culture of ECs in the presence and absence of bacterial LPS for 24 h. Cytokine and growth factor concentrations in culture supernatant fluid were measured by using a multiplex assay.Results: LPS increased the expression of VCAM-1 and the production of several cytokines and growth factors. The level of ICAM-1 expression per cell [ie, the median fluorescence intensity (MFI)] was increased by LPS stimulation in the control group (16.9 ± 2.4 compared with 135.3 ± 20.2; P &lt; 0.001) and to a lesser extent in the salmon group (14.1 ± 3.8 compared with 65.8 ± 22.4; P = 0.037). The ICAM-1 MFI in the salmon group after LPS stimulation was lower than in the control group (P = 0.006).Conclusion: Increased dietary salmon intake in pregnancy dampens offspring EC activation, which implicates a role for n−3 LCPUFAs in the suppression of inflammatory processes in humans. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00801502.</p

The effect of vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation on routine haematological parameters in older people: An individual participant data meta-Analysis

Background/objectives: Low vitamin B12 and folate levels in community-dwelling older people are usually corrected with supplements. However, the effect of this supplementation on haematological parameters in older persons is not known. Therefore, we executed a systematic review and individual participant data meta-Analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials (RCTs). Subjects/methods: We performed a systematic search in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane and CENTRAL for RCTs published between January 1950 and April 2016, where community-dwelling elderly (60+ years) who were treated with vitamin B12 or folic acid or placebo. The presence of anaemia was not required. We analysed the data on haematological parameters with a two-stage IPD meta-Analysis. Results: We found 494 full papers covering 14 studies. Data were shared by the authors of four RCTs comparing vitamin B12 with placebo (n = 343) and of three RCTs comparing folic acid with placebo (n = 929). We found no effect of vitamin B12 supplementation on haemoglobin (change 0.00 g/dL, 95% CI:-0.19;0.18), and no effect of folic acid supplementation (change-0.09 g/dL, 95% CI:-0.19;0.01). The effects of supplementation on other haematological parameters were similar. The effects did not differ by sex or by age group. Also, no effect was found in a subgroup of patients with anaemia and a subgroup of patients who were treated >4 weeks. Conclusions: Evidence on the effects of supplementation of low concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate on haematological parameters in community-dwelling older people is inconclusive. Further research is needed before firm recommendations can be made concerning the supplementation of vitamin B12 and folate. © 2018 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature

Replacement Effects of Sedentary Time on Metabolic Outcomes: The Maastricht Study

Item does not contain fulltextINTRODUCTION: Sedentary time has been associated with detrimental health effects, so in some countries, guidelines to reduce sedentary time have been developed. As reducing sedentary time inevitably results in more nonsedentary time, effects of this reduction may depend on the activity with which it is replaced. PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine associations of theoretical reallocations of sedentary time to standing or stepping with cardiometabolic outcomes and type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We included 2213 participants (51% men, mean +/- SD age = 60.0 +/- 8.1 yr) of the Maastricht Study who were asked to wear an accelerometer 24 h.d for a week. We calculated daily sedentary, standing, and stepping time. An isotemporal substitution modeling approach was applied to examine effects on waist circumference; body mass index; cholesterol, triacylglycerol, glucose, and insulin levels; metabolic syndrome; and type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: Replacement of sedentary time (30 min.d) with stepping was associated with lower odds for metabolic syndrome (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.66-0.78) and type 2 diabetes (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.72-0.87), more favorable waist circumference (B = -1.42, 95% CI = -1.78 to -1.06), and body mass index (B = -0.48, 95% CI = -0.62 to -0.35) and improved cholesterol, triacylglycerol, glucose, and insulin levels. Replacing sedentary time with standing was associated with lower odds for metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes and favorable outcomes in waist circumference, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and insulin levels. CONCLUSION: Theoretical replacements of sedentary time with nonsedentary time (both standing and stepping) were associated with lower odds for metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and beneficial metabolic outcomes. These results could be important for the general population, including those who cannot meet physical activity guidelines. Consideration should be given to developing recommendations for daily reallocating sedentary time