Lifetime distributions in the methods of non-equilibrium statistical operator and superstatistics

A family of non-equilibrium statistical operators is introduced which differ by the system age distribution over which the quasi-equilibrium (relevant) distribution is averaged. To describe the nonequilibrium states of a system we introduce a new thermodynamic parameter - the lifetime of a system. Superstatistics, introduced in works of Beck and Cohen [Physica A \textbf{322}, (2003), 267] as fluctuating quantities of intensive thermodynamical parameters, are obtained from the statistical distribution of lifetime (random time to the system degeneracy) considered as a thermodynamical parameter. It is suggested to set the mixing distribution of the fluctuating parameter in the superstatistics theory in the form of the piecewise continuous functions. The distribution of lifetime in such systems has different form on the different stages of evolution of the system. The account of the past stages of the evolution of a system can have a substantial impact on the non-equilibrium behaviour of the system in a present time moment.Comment: 18 page

In-medium QCD and Cherenkov gluons

The equations of in-medium gluodynamics are proposed. Their classical lowest order solution is explicitly shown for a color charge moving with constant speed. For nuclear permittivity larger than 1 it describes emission of Cherenkov gluons resembling results of classical electrodynamics. The choice of nuclear permittivity and Lorentz-invariance of the problem are discussed. Effects induced by the transversely and longitudinally moving (relative to the collision axis) partons at LHC energies are described.Comment: 13 p., misprints correcte

The forward physics facility at the high-luminosity LHC

High energy collisions at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produce a large number of particles along the beam collision axis, outside of the acceptance of existing LHC experiments. The proposed Forward Physics Facility (FPF), to be located several hundred meters from the ATLAS interaction point and shielded by concrete and rock, will host a suite of experiments to probe standard model (SM) processes and search for physics beyond the standard model (BSM). In this report, we review the status of the civil engineering plans and the experiments to explore the diverse physics signals that can be uniquely probed in the forward region. FPF experiments will be sensitive to a broad range of BSM physics through searches for new particle scattering or decay signatures and deviations from SM expectations in high statistics analyses with TeV neutrinos in this low-background environment. High statistics neutrino detection will also provide valuable data for fundamental topics in perturbative and non-perturbative QCD and in weak interactions. Experiments at the FPF will enable synergies between forward particle production at the LHC and astroparticle physics to be exploited. We report here on these physics topics, on infrastructure, detector, and simulation studies, and on future directions to realize the FPF's physics potential

UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION OF SIO2 DIAMETER MEASUREMENT WITH ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AT FORMING STRUCTURED MATERIALS

Проаналізовано публікації по невизначеності вимірювань лінійних розмірів растровим електронним мікроскопом. Проведена оцінка невизначеності вимірювань діаметру частинок SіO2 методом електронної мікроскопії Проаналізовані джерела невизначеності характерні для даного методу дослідження. Встановлено, що визначальним впливаючим фактором на невизначеність вимірювання є інструментальна складова. Показано особливості обробки мікрофотографій для визначення характеристик структурованого матеріалу: розмірів частинок, закон їх розподіл за діаметрами, дефектність структури.Проанализированы публикации по неопределенности измерений линейных размеров растровым электронным микроскопом. Проведена оценка неопределенности измерений диаметра частиц SiO2 методом электронной микроскопии Проанализированы источники неопределенности характерные для данного метода исследования. Установлено, что определяющим влияющим фактором на неопределенность измерения является инструментальная составляющая. Показаны особенности обработки микрофотографий для определения характеристик структурированного материала: размеров частиц, закон их распределения по диаметрам, дефектность структуры.Publications on uncertainty of linear dimensions measuring with scanning electron microscope were analyzed. The estimation of measurement uncertainty of SiO2 particles diameter by electron microscopy were carried out. The sources of uncertainty typical for this method of investigation were analyzed. It was established that the determining factor affecting the uncertainty of measurement is instrumental component. The features of processing of microphotographs for the determination of structured materials characteristics (particles size, the law of distribution by diameter, structure defectiveness) were shown