8,081 research outputs found
Understanding Electronic Commerce from a Historical Perspective
The aim of this paper is to use historical insights from modern commerce as entry points to examine the macro-level phenomena associated with electronic commerce (EC). Commerce in its modern form first appeared in early 13th century Italy where conducive political conditions existed. Trade facilitated the exchange of goods, thereby enhancing the efficiency of processes between production and consumption. Even more important was its role in raising the level of human capital, promoting the spread of ideas and information, changing people\u27s attitudes and behaviour. Some modern business practices and institutions which evolved with modern commerce are bookkeeping, modern banking, commodities market, putting out systems (or outsourcing as we know it now), insurance, stock exchange, and venture capital. The current historical context favorable to EC is globalization. The emergence of network organizations helped to establish some of the practices supporting business-to-business electronic commerce. EC holds the potential to reduce time and transaction costs. However, the historical perspective suggests that the most profound implications of EC are likely to be at the macro-level or socio-institutional level. Some implications can already be seen while others are still developing. We are witnessing the impacts of EC on older business practices, and business models while there are likely implications for business cycles Such a perspective can provide pointers for future research. Lessons from history suggest a need to pay due attention to intervention at the socio-institutional level to reap the benefits of this form of commerce
Deterministic quantum teleportation between distant atomic objects
Quantum teleportation is a key ingredient of quantum networks and a building
block for quantum computation. Teleportation between distant material objects
using light as the quantum information carrier has been a particularly exciting
goal. Here we demonstrate a new element of the quantum teleportation landscape,
the deterministic continuous variable (cv) teleportation between distant
material objects. The objects are macroscopic atomic ensembles at room
temperature. Entanglement required for teleportation is distributed by light
propagating from one ensemble to the other. Quantum states encoded in a
collective spin state of one ensemble are teleported onto another ensemble
using this entanglement and homodyne measurements on light. By implementing
process tomography, we demonstrate that the experimental fidelity of the
quantum teleportation is higher than that achievable by any classical process.
Furthermore, we demonstrate the benefits of deterministic teleportation by
teleporting a dynamically changing sequence of spin states from one distant
object onto another
Generalized thermo vacuum state derived by the partial trace method
By virtue of the technique of integration within an ordered product (IWOP) of
operators we present a new approach for deriving generalized thermo vacuum
state which is simpler in form that the result by using the Umezawa-Takahashi
approach, in this way the thermo field dynamics can be developed. Applications
of the new state are discussed.Comment: 5 pages, no figure, revtex
Null-stream veto for two co-located detectors: Implementation issues
Time-series data from multiple gravitational wave (GW) detectors can be
linearly combined to form a null-stream, in which all GW information will be
cancelled out. This null-stream can be used to distinguish between actual GW
triggers and spurious noise transients in a search for GW bursts using a
network of detectors. The biggest source of error in the null-stream analysis
comes from the fact that the detector data are not perfectly calibrated. In
this paper, we present an implementation of the null-stream veto in the
simplest network of two co-located detectors. The detectors are assumed to have
calibration uncertainties and correlated noise components. We estimate the
effect of calibration uncertainties in the null-stream veto analysis and
propose a new formulation to overcome this. This new formulation is
demonstrated by doing software injections in Gaussian noise.Comment: Minor changes; To appear in Class. Quantum Grav. (Proc. GWDAW10
The Characterization of J-Integral for Elastic-Plastic Crack Growth Evaluation using Finite Element Analysis
J-integral is a fracture mechanic parameter that can be used to characterize elastic-plastic fracture mechanic (EPFM) behavior. The path independent characteristic in J-integral is proposed by Rice [1], and it is widely used in a lot of research. Another approach is the load-displacement approach, where the J-integral is calculated by the area under the load-displacement curve. However, the validity of the J-integral value by load-displacement approach is yet to be confirmed. This paper is aimed to investigate the effect of crack length ratio of CT specimen to J-integral value by two approaches: path-integral approach and load-displacement approach. Finite element analysis of compact tension (CT) model with crack length ratio a/W between 0.2 to 0.5 was carried out under displacement δ between 0.2 to 1.0 mm using ANSYS parametric design language (APDL). The J value by path integral approach, Jpath is compared to the value calculated from load-displacement approach, Jp-d. It was found that path independency occurs for J value evaluated from path integral approach. A correction factor needs to be introduced since the load-displacement approach cannot be used for shallow crack cases
Acquire information about neutrino parameters by detecting supernova neutrinos
We consider the supernova shock effects, the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein
(MSW) effects, the collective effects, and the Earth matter effects in the
detection of type II supernova neutrinos on the Earth. It is found that the
event number of supernova neutrinos depends on the neutrino mass hierarchy, the
neutrino mixing angle , and neutrino masses. Therefore, we propose
possible methods to identify the mass hierarchy and acquire information about
and neutrino masses by detecting supernova neutrinos. We apply
these methods to some current neutrino experiments.Comment: 21 pages, 11 figure
Approximating the monomer-dimer constants through matrix permanent
The monomer-dimer model is fundamental in statistical mechanics. However, it
is #P-complete in computation, even for two dimensional problems. A
formulation in matrix permanent for the partition function of the monomer-dimer
model is proposed in this paper, by transforming the number of all matchings of
a bipartite graph into the number of perfect matchings of an extended bipartite
graph, which can be given by a matrix permanent. Sequential importance sampling
algorithm is applied to compute the permanents. For two-dimensional lattice
with periodic condition, we obtain , where the exact value is
. For three-dimensional lattice with periodic condition,
our numerical result is , {which agrees with the best known
bound .}Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure
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