Myocardial tagging by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: evolution of techniques--pulse sequences, analysis algorithms, and applications

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) tagging has been established as an essential technique for measuring regional myocardial function. It allows quantification of local intramyocardial motion measures, e.g. strain and strain rate. The invention of CMR tagging came in the late eighties, where the technique allowed for the first time for visualizing transmural myocardial movement without having to implant physical markers. This new idea opened the door for a series of developments and improvements that continue up to the present time. Different tagging techniques are currently available that are more extensive, improved, and sophisticated than they were twenty years ago. Each of these techniques has different versions for improved resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), scan time, anatomical coverage, three-dimensional capability, and image quality. The tagging techniques covered in this article can be broadly divided into two main categories: 1) Basic techniques, which include magnetization saturation, spatial modulation of magnetization (SPAMM), delay alternating with nutations for tailored excitation (DANTE), and complementary SPAMM (CSPAMM); and 2) Advanced techniques, which include harmonic phase (HARP), displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE), and strain encoding (SENC). Although most of these techniques were developed by separate groups and evolved from different backgrounds, they are in fact closely related to each other, and they can be interpreted from more than one perspective. Some of these techniques even followed parallel paths of developments, as illustrated in the article. As each technique has its own advantages, some efforts have been made to combine different techniques together for improved image quality or composite information acquisition. In this review, different developments in pulse sequences and related image processing techniques are described along with the necessities that led to their invention, which makes this article easy to read and the covered techniques easy to follow. Major studies that applied CMR tagging for studying myocardial mechanics are also summarized. Finally, the current article includes a plethora of ideas and techniques with over 300 references that motivate the reader to think about the future of CMR tagging

Tracking juvenile fish movement and nursery contribution within arid coastal embayments via otolith microchemistry

An increasingly common approach for examining the movement of fish involves elemental fingerprinting, which exploits variation in the chemical composition of otoliths induced by environmental gradients. We assessed the elemental signatures of recently deposited material in the otoliths of juvenile California halibut Paralichthys californicus collected from different zones along the main axis of coastal embayments of southern California, USA, and Baja California, Mexico. From these data, we determined if unique chemical signals within embayments allowed for the reconstruction of movement patterns over small scales. Juvenile halibut were collected during 3 years (2001 to 2003) along 2 segments of coastline, including 4 embayment and 3 exposed habitats. We also compared otolith chemistry from wild-caught and caged halibut in the Punta Banda Estuary, Baja California, Mexico, and Mission Bay, California, USA; within both locations, we observed increasing concentrations of Mn and Ba in the otoliths of wild-caught and caged juveniles collected farther within embayments. However, only in Punta Banda did we find strong congruence between otolith signals from wild-caught and caged individuals. Hence, we exploited the intra-embayment variability in otolith microchemistry to chart 2 forms of movement of juvenile halibut within Punta Banda. First, within-embayment movements of juvenile fish were examined over 2 mo. Over this timescale, 8 of 14 individuals had moved among embayment zones. Second, the contribution of different embayment zones to production of adult biomass was determined. The vast majority of juveniles (82 to 89 %, n = 27) that advanced to older age classes during 2002 and 2003 occupied the middle and outer zones of Punta Banda. Recognition of intra-embayment variability in otolith signals from southern and Baja California should allow for finer-scale analyses of habitat utilization, and more thorough examination of connectivity resulting from the ontogenetic migration of fish from juvenile to adult habitats

Short-term size-specific distribution and movement patterns of juvenile flatfish in a Pacific estuary derived through length-frequency and mark-recapture data

Evaluating small-scale distribution and movement patterns of juvenile fishes within estuarine systems is necessary for identifying favorable nursery habitats and adequately interpreting local instantaneous growth and mortality estimates. Finescale, size-specific catch per unit effort (CPUE, catch per 500 m tow) and movement of juvenile flatfish were studied in Punta Banda Estuary, Baja California, Mexico, during the summer of 2004. After dividing the estuary into five contiguous sections, habitat utilization and movement were analyzed using two complimentary approaches. We intensively surveyed the estuary throughout the summer to document the size-specific distribution of flatfishes. California halibut and diamond turbot were captured throughout the estuary on all sampling dates, indicating that the entire system serves as habitat for juveniles. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the CPUE of California halibut was significantly and negatively related to temperature and depth, although the model exhibited low explanatory power. In contrast, the CPUE of diamond turbot was only significantly and negatively related to depth. CPUE was not related to salinity for either species. Analyses of site- and time-specific lengthfrequency distributions indicated movement by all flatfishes on the time scale of weeks, which is likely due to the estuarine emigration of fish >140 mm standard length. In addition, an estuary-wide mark-recapture study was performed. Visible elastomer implants were used to tag 697 California halibut, 442 diamond turbot, and 128 spotted turbot. Based on sectionspecific CPUE and the area of the estuary, we tagged 3–6% of the local population of each species in a given month. Four Californian halibut and two diamond turbot were recaptured within hundreds of meters of where they were released. Hence, we observed residency and movement at the same time. This study indicates that short-term movement and its underlying causes should be taken into account when assessing patterns of juvenile habitat utilization.

CMR fluoroscopy right heart catheterization for cardiac output and pulmonary vascular resistance: results in 102 patients.

Abstract Background Quantification of cardiac output and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) are critical components of invasive hemodynamic assessment, and can be measured concurrently with pressures using phase contrast CMR flow during real-time CMR guided cardiac catheterization. Methods One hundred two consecutive patients underwent CMR fluoroscopy guided right heart catheterization (RHC) with simultaneous measurement of pressure, cardiac output and pulmonary vascular resistance using CMR flow and the Fick principle for comparison. Procedural success, catheterization time and adverse events were prospectively collected. Results RHC was successfully completed in 97/102 (95.1%) patients without complication. Catheterization time was 20 ± 11 min. In patients with and without pulmonary hypertension, baseline mean pulmonary artery pressure was 39 ± 12 mmHg vs. 18 ± 4 mmHg (p < 0.001), right ventricular (RV) end diastolic volume was 104 ± 64 vs. 74 ± 24 (p = 0.02), and RV end-systolic volume was 49 ± 30 vs. 31 ± 13 (p = 0.004) respectively. 103 paired cardiac output and 99 paired PVR calculations across multiple conditions were analyzed. At baseline, the bias between cardiac output by CMR and Fick was 5.9% with limits of agreement −38.3% and 50.2% with r = 0.81 (p < 0.001). The bias between PVR by CMR and Fick was −0.02 WU.m2 with limits of agreement −2.6 and 2.5 WU.m2 with r = 0.98 (p < 0.001). Correlation coefficients were lower and limits of agreement wider during physiological provocation with inhaled 100% oxygen and 40 ppm nitric oxide. Conclusions CMR fluoroscopy guided cardiac catheterization is safe, with acceptable procedure times and high procedural success rate. Cardiac output and PVR measurements using CMR flow correlated well with the Fick at baseline and are likely more accurate during physiological provocation with supplemental high-concentration inhaled oxygen. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01287026 , registered January 25, 2011