311 research outputs found
Taxing Corporate Distributions of Appreciated Property: Repeal of General Utilities Doctrine, Releif Measures and Entity Reclassification Proposals
Professor Wolfman presents the case for outright repeal of General Utilities and its statutory offspring. Professor Wolfman traces the history of the doctrine and its procedural infirmities, and then describes how several Code sections may be eliminated or simplified. Mr. Nolan argues against the repeal of General Utilities where there is a sale or distribution of assets in complete liquidation, and further argues that the current taxation regime fosters the important social and economic policies that Congress has adopted. Mr. Hobbett discusses the reasons given for entity reclassification, and suggests that preservation of partnership status for publicly traded partnerships would offer an opportunity to experiment with full integration treatment for entities that might resemble corporations. Mr. Hobbett concludes that, if General Utilities were repealed, taxpayers would choose the partnership as an appropriate full integration system
Perpendicular exchange bias and its control by magnetic, stress and electric fields
erpendicular exchange bias (PEB) involving perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in both the antiferromagnetic (AF) pinning and the ferromagnetic (FM) sensor layer is expected to become important in future perpendicular recording and sensing devices. Further, because of the reduced spin dimensionality, PEB promises to be easier understandable than the conventional planar exchange bias (EB). In addition to its first realization using the Ising-type AF compounds FeF2 and FeCl2 we have tested control strategies of EB being alternative to the conventional magnetic and thermal ones. Indeed, specific symmetry properties of the pinning layer have been shown to enable mechanical (viz. piezomagnetic via FeF2) and electric control (viz. magneto-electric via Cr2O3) of EB, respectively. Electric control promises to become relevant for TMR devices in MRAM technology
Nicotine aversion is mediated by GABAergic interpeduncular nucleus inputs to laterodorsal tegmentum
Perpendicular exchange bias and its control by magnetic, stress and electric fields
erpendicular exchange bias (PEB) involving perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in both the antiferromagnetic (AF) pinning and the ferromagnetic (FM) sensor layer is expected to become important in future perpendicular recording and sensing devices. Further, because of the reduced spin dimensionality, PEB promises to be easier understandable than the conventional planar exchange bias (EB). In addition to its first realization using the Ising-type AF compounds FeF2 and FeCl2 we have tested control strategies of EB being alternative to the conventional magnetic and thermal ones. Indeed, specific symmetry properties of the pinning layer have been shown to enable mechanical (viz. piezomagnetic via FeF2) and electric control (viz. magneto-electric via Cr2O3) of EB, respectively. Electric control promises to become relevant for TMR devices in MRAM technology
Quadrupling Muscle Mass in Mice by Targeting TGF-ß Signaling Pathways
Myostatin is a transforming growth factor-ß family member that normally acts to limit skeletal muscle growth. Mice genetically engineered to lack myostatin activity have about twice the amount of muscle mass throughout the body, and similar effects are seen in cattle, sheep, dogs, and a human with naturally occurring loss-of-function mutations in the myostatin gene. Hence, there is considerable interest in developing agents capable of inhibiting myostatin activity for both agricultural and human therapeutic applications. We previously showed that the myostatin binding protein, follistatin, can induce dramatic increases in muscle mass when overexpressed as a transgene in mice. In order to determine whether this effect of follistatin results solely from inhibition of myostatin activity, I analyzed the effect of this transgene in myostatin-null mice. Mstn−/− mice carrying a follistatin transgene had about four times the muscle mass of wild type mice, demonstrating the existence of other regulators of muscle mass with similar activity to myostatin. The greatest effect on muscle mass was observed in offspring of mothers homozygous for the Mstn mutation, raising the possibility that either myostatin itself or a downstream regulator may normally be transferred from the maternal to fetal circulations. These findings demonstrate that the capacity for increasing muscle growth by manipulating TGF-ß signaling pathways is much more extensive than previously appreciated and suggest that muscle mass may be controlled at least in part by a systemic mode of action of myostatin
Massive gravity from bimetric gravity
We discuss the subtle relationship between massive gravity and bimetric
gravity, focusing particularly on the manner in which massive gravity may be
viewed as a suitable limit of bimetric gravity. The limiting procedure is more
delicate than currently appreciated. Specifically, this limiting procedure
should not unnecessarily constrain the background metric, which must be
externally specified by the theory of massive gravity itself. The fact that in
bimetric theories one always has two sets of metric equations of motion
continues to have an effect even in the massive gravity limit, leading to
additional constraints besides the one set of equations of motion naively
expected. Thus, since solutions of bimetric gravity in the limit of vanishing
kinetic term are also solutions of massive gravity, but the contrary statement
is not necessarily true, there is not complete continuity in the parameter
space of the theory. In particular, we study the massive cosmological solutions
which are continuous in the parameter space, showing that many interesting
cosmologies belong to this class.Comment: v1: 25 pages; v2: 6 references added, discussion streamlined; v3: 24
pages, 20 references added, section 2 summarized, new comments added to
section 3, conclusions improved but unchanged. This version accepted for
publication in Classical and Quantum Gravit
Association between expression of the Bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 7 in the repair of circumscribed cartilage lesions with clinical outcome
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although there is much known about the role of BMPs in cartilage metabolism reliable data about the <it>in vivo </it>regulation in natural and surgically induced cartilage repair are still missing.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Lavage fluids of knee joints of 47 patients were collected during surgical therapy. 5 patients had no cartilage lesion and served as a control group, the other 42 patients with circumscribed cartilage defects were treated by microfracturing (19) or by an Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (23). The concentrations of BMP-2 and BMP-7 were determined by ELISA. The clinical status was evaluated using the IKDC Score prior to and 1 year following the operation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>High level expression in the control group was found for BMP-2, concentrations of BMP-7 remained below detection levels. No statistical differences could be detected in concentrations of BMP-2 or BMP-7 in the lavage fluids of knees with cartilage lesions compared to the control group. Levels of BMP-7 did not change after surgical cartilage repair, whereas concentrations of BMP-2 statistically significant increased after the intervention (p < 0.001). The clinical outcome following cartilage regenerating surgery increased after 1 year by 29% (p < 0.001). The difference of the IKDC score after 1 year and prior to the operation was used to quantify the degree of improvement following surgery. This difference statistically significant correlated with initial BMP-2 (R = 0.554, p < 0.001) but not BMP-7 (R = 0.031, n.s.) levels in the knee joints.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>BMP-2 seems to play an important role in surgically induced cartilage repair; synovial expression correlates with the clinical outcome.</p
- …