Braiding of anyonic quasiparticles in the charge transfer statistics of symmetric fractional edge-state Mach-Zehnder interferometer

We have studied the zero-temperature statistics of the charge transfer between the two edges of Quantum Hall liquids of, in general, different filling factors, $\nu_{0,1}=1/(2 m_{0,1}+1)$, with $m_0 \geq m_1\geq 0$, forming Mach-Zehnder interferometer. General expression for the cumulant generating function in the large-time limit is obtained for symmetric interferometer with equal propagation times along the two edges between the contacts and constant bias voltage. The low-voltage limit of the generating function can be interpreted in terms of the regular Poisson process of electron tunneling, while its leading large-voltage asymptotics is proven to coincide with the solution of kinetic equation describing quasiparticle transitions between the $m$ states of the interferometer with different effective flux through it, where $m\equiv 1+m_{0}+m_{1}$. For $m>1$, this dynamics reflects both the fractional charge $e/m$ and the fractional statistical angle $\pi /m$ of the tunneling quasiparticles. Explicit expressions for the second (shot noise) and third cumulants are obtained, and their voltage dependence is analyzed.Comment: 11 two-column pages, 4 figure

Fractional charge in transport through a 1D correlated insulator of finite length

Transport through a one channel wire of length $L$ confined between two leads is examined when the 1D electron system has an energy gap $2M$: $M > T_L \equiv v_c/L$ induced by the interaction in charge mode ($v_c$: charge velocity in the wire). In spinless case the transformation of the leads electrons into the charge density wave solitons of fractional charge $q$ entails a non-trivial low energy crossover from the Fermi liquid behavior below the crossover energy $T_x \propto \sqrt{T_L M} e^{-M /[T_L(1-q^2)]}$ to the insulator one with the fractional charge in current vs. voltage, conductance vs. temperature, and in shot noise. Similar behavior is predicted for the Mott insulator of filling factor $\nu = integer/(2 m')$.Comment: 5 twocolumn pages in RevTex, no figure

Transport properties of single channel quantum wires with an impurity: Influence of finite length and temperature on average current and noise

The inhomogeneous Tomonaga Luttinger liquid model describing an interacting quantum wire adiabatically coupled to non-interacting leads is analyzed in the presence of a weak impurity within the wire. Due to strong electronic correlations in the wire, the effects of impurity backscattering, finite bias, finite temperature, and finite length lead to characteristic non-monotonic parameter dependencies of the average current. We discuss oscillations of the non-linear current voltage characteristics that arise due to reflections of plasmon modes at the impurity and quasi Andreev reflections at the contacts, and show how these oscillations are washed out by decoherence at finite temperature. Furthermore, the finite frequency current noise is investigated in detail. We find that the effective charge extracted in the shot noise regime in the weak backscattering limit decisively depends on the noise frequency $\omega$ relative to $v_F/gL$, where $v_F$ is the Fermi velocity, $g$ the Tomonaga Luttinger interaction parameter, and $L$ the length of the wire. The interplay of finite bias, finite temperature, and finite length yields rich structure in the noise spectrum which crucially depends on the electron-electron interaction. In particular, the excess noise, defined as the change of the noise due to the applied voltage, can become negative and is non-vanishing even for noise frequencies larger than the applied voltage, which are signatures of correlation effects.Comment: 28 pages, 19 figures, published version with minor change

Доступность и фармакоэкономика инсулиновой терапии в странах с наибольшим количеством больных диабетом

The aim of the review was to analyze the availability of insulin therapy and the ways to improve it in countries with the largest number of patients with diabetes. It was also aimed to assess the medical, social and economic importance of insulin therapy and industrial production of therapeutic recombinant insulin.Materials and methods. The analysis was based on the data taken from monographs and publications in peer-reviewed journals, reports of companies and medical organizations, and the information available in the Internet. The demand and supply in the market of recombinant therapeutic insulin, the insulin market segmentation, and the costs for insulin replacement therapy in countries with the largest number of patients with diabetes were studied. Results and discussion. The pro- and contra- arguments regarding the import of insulin and its impact on the national budget are presented. Technological specifics of recombinant insulin production are discussed; the funding and investments in the biopharmaceutical sector are analyzed. The benefits of industrial production of recombinant therapeutic insulin and its impact on the regional and national economy are demonstrated.Conclusion. The availability of therapeutic insulin in most countries with the largest number of diabetics is unsatisfactory and needs a radical improvement. By analyzing the economic aspects of diabetes and the pharmacoeconomics of insulin, it is advised to develop a modern management system for insulin replacement therapy, especially in countries with large numbers of diabetics. The use of innovative technologies will reduce the production costs of recombinant therapeutic insulin, increase the availability of insulin therapy and thereby improve the quality of life in diabetic patients. Evidence that the production of therapeutic insulin has a positive effect not only on the healthcare, but on the socio-economic situation in the region is also provided. Countries with a number of diabetics exceeding 5 million are encouraged to launch their own production of recombinant therapeutic insulin. The results of the present analysis confirm that half of them are able to manufacture adequate human insulin and/or its analogues. Цель – анализ доступности инсулиновой терапии и путей ее улучшения в странах с наибольшим количеством пациентов с диабетом. Проанализирована медико-социальная и политико-экономическая значимость инсулиновой терапии и промышленного производства препаратов рекомбинантного инсулина.Материалы и методы. Анализ проводился на основе данных монографий и публикаций в научных рецензируемых журналах, отчетов фармацевтических компаний и медицинских организаций, а также релевантной информации, размещенной в сети Интернет. Изучены спрос и предложение на рынке рекомбинантного инсулина, сегментация рынка инсулина и стоимость заместительной инсулиновой терапии в странах с наибольшим количеством больных сахарным диабетом. Результаты и обсуждение. Представлены аргументы в пользу и против импорта инсулина и его влияния на государственный бюджет. Обсуждаются технологические особенности производства рекомбинантного инсулина, анализируются финансирование и инвестиции в биофармацевтический сектор. Показаны преимущества промышленного производства препаратов рекомбинантного инсулина и его влияние на региональную и национальную экономику.Заключение. Доступность препаратов инсулина в большинстве стран с наибольшим количеством больных диабетом является неудовлетворительной и требует радикального улучшения. Анализ эпидимиологических, экономических аспектов диабета и фармакоэкономики инсулина подтверждает целесообразность разработки современной системы управления заместительной инсулинотерапией, особенно в странах с большим количеством больных диабетом. Использование инновационных технологий позволит снизить себестоимость производства препаратов рекомбинантного инсулина, повысить доступность инсулиновой терапии и тем самым продлить и улучшить качество жизни больных диабетом. В обзоре приведен пример того, что производство препаратов инсулина оказывает положительное влияние не только на здравоохранение, но и на социально-экономическую ситуацию в регионе. Странам, в которых число больных диабетом превышает 5 млн человек, рекомендуется начать собственное производство препаратов рекомбинантного инсулина. Результаты данного анализа подтверждают, что половина из них в состоянии начать производство адекватного количества человеческого инсулина и/или его аналогов

Диетические факторы, влияющие на эпидемический процесс COVID-19

Objective: to analyze the role of diet in the epidemiological parameters of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus and identify factors that correlate withthe reduction in the severity of the consequences of COVID-19 disease, namely the rate of prevalence (RPr) and infection fatality rate (IFR) in different regions.Material and methods. The information and data required for this study were found in scientific publications and the media available on the Internet, as well as obtained from statistical databases using specific keywords, both for a single tag and in various combinations of them. Statistical samples were managed from sources and facts available on the Internet. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to understand a statistical relationship between two variables.Results. The relationship between nutritional factors and the impact of the 15-month COVID-19 pandemic in different regions was investigated using various available statistics for five continents and 47 countries. A clear relationship was found between the outcomes of the SARSCoV-2 epidemic (RPr and IFR) and the amount of consumed essential nutrients, with correlations in the negative range r=–0.98 and r=–0.66 for plant proteins and with correlation coefficients r=0.92 for animal proteins. Also, excessive sugar consumption increased the severity of COVID-19 with correlation coefficients in the range of r=0.99–0.72 in the representative samples.Conclusion. Statistical analysis presented that the number of diagnosed patients with SARS-CoV-2 (RPr) and deaths from COVID-19 (IFR) was significantly lower in regions where more plant foods were consumed than animal products. A detailed study of the relationship between the Coronavirus and the host as well as the metabolism of protein and sugar may reveal the diet factors responsible for resistance to the pathogen. Edible plants can contain components responsible for suppressing the replication cycle of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Biochemical investigation of these components would help in the development of etiological oral administrated anti-COVID-9 medicine.Цель: проанализировать роль рациона питания в эпидемиологических параметрах коронавируса SARS-CoV-2 и выявить факторы, коррелирующие со снижением тяжести последствий заболевания COVID-19, а именно частотой заболеваемости (англ. rate of prevalence, RPr) и смертности (англ. infection fatality rate, IFR) в разных регионах.Материал и методы. Информация и данные, необходимые для этой работы, были найдены в научных публикациях и средствах массовой информации, доступных в Интернете, а также получены из баз статистических данных с использованием определенных ключевых слов для одного тега или в различных их комбинациях. Статистические выборки были сформированы из источников и фактов, доступных в Интернете. Корреляция для двух переменных определялась как коэффициент Пирсона.Результаты. Взаимосвязь между факторами питания и влиянием 15-месячной пандемии COVID-19 в разных регионах была исследована с использованием различных доступных статистических данных по пяти континентам и 47 странам. Обнаружена четкая связь между исходами эпидемии SARS-CoV-2 (RPr и IFR) и количеством потребленных основных нутриентов с корреляциями в отрицательном диапазоне r=–0,98 и r=–0,66 для растительных белков и коэффициентом корреляции r=0,92 для белков животного происхождения. Также чрезмерное потребление сахара увеличивало тяжесть течения COVID-19 с коэффициентами корреляции в диапазоне r=0,99–0,72 в репрезентативных выборках.Заключение. Статистический анализ показал, что количество диагностированных пациентов с SARS-CoV-2 (RPr) и смертей от COVID-19 (IFR) было значительно ниже в регионах, где потреблялось больше растительной пищи, чем продуктов животного происхождения. Детальное изучение взаимосвязи между коронавирусом и хозяином, а также метаболизма белков и сахаров поможет выявить факторы питания, ответственные за устойчивость к патогену. Съедобные растения могут содержать компоненты, ответственные за подавление цикла репликации вируса SARS-CoV-2. Биохимические исследования этих компонентов помогут в разработке этиологических пероральных препаратов против COVID-19

Charge transfer statistics in symmetric fractional edge-state Mach-Zehnder interferometer

We have studied the zero-temperature statistics of charge transfer between the two edges of Quantum Hall liquids with filling factors $\nu_{0,1}=1/(2 m_{0,1}+1)$ forming Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The known Bethe ansatz solution for symmetric interferometer is used to obtain the cumulant-generating function of charge at constant voltage $V$ between the edges. Its low-$V$ behavior can be interpreted in terms of electron tunneling, while its large-$V$ asymptotics reproduces the $m$-state dynamics ($m\equiv 1+m_{0}+m_{1}$) of quasiparticles with fractional (for $m>1$) charge and statistics. We also analyze the transition region between electrons and quasiparticles.Comment: 5 two-column pages in RevTex4, 2 eps figures, final version with corrected misprints, references, and introduction as appeared in PRB Rapid Com

Threshold features in transport through a 1D constriction

Suppression of electron current $\Delta I$ through a 1D channel of length $L$ connecting two Fermi liquid reservoirs is studied taking into account the Umklapp electron-electron interaction induced by a periodic potential. This interaction causes Hubbard gaps $E_H$ for $L \to \infty$. In the perturbative regime where $E_H \ll v_c/L$ ($v_c:$ charge velocity), and for small deviations $\delta n$ of the electron density from its commensurate values $- \Delta I/V$ can diverge with some exponent as voltage or temperature $V,T$ decreases above $E_c=max(v_c/L,v_c \delta n)$, while it goes to zero below $E_c$. This results in a nonmonotonous behavior of the conductance.Comment: Final variant published in PRL, 79, 1714; minor correction

Detecting synchronization of self-sustained oscillators by external driving with varying frequency

We propose a method for detecting the presence of synchronization of self-sustained oscillator by external driving with linearly varying frequency. The method is based on a continuous wavelet transform of the signals of self-sustained oscillator and external force and allows one to distinguish the case of true synchronization from the case of spurious synchronization caused by linear mixing of the signals. We apply the method to driven van der Pol oscillator and to experimental data of human heart rate variability and respiration.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure

Priority areas of development of resources of hydrocarbons of Hlynskyi and Solokhivskyi oil and gas region of Dnipro and Donetsk basin

The resource potential of the Hlynsko-Solokhivskyi oil and gas region, selected area of oil and gas accumulation (OGA) was described. By means of graphical analysis the extent of the area resource potential development and selected areas of OGA was defined. The analysis of non-discovered resources (including localized) in areas, promising and producing complexes and deeps was made. The most promising areas were determined. The appropriate recommendations on further geology exploration for the purpose of improving the efficiency on oil and gas were given