Sub-kHz lasing of a CaF_2 Whispering Gallery Mode Resonator Stabilized Fiber Ring Laser

We utilize a high quality calcium fluoride whispering-gallery-mode resonator to stabilize a simple erbium doped fiber ring laser with an emission frequency of 196 THz (wavelenght 1530 nm) to a linewidth below 650 Hz. This corresponds to a relative stability of 3.3 x 10^(-12) over 16 \mus. In order to characterize the linewidth we use two identical self-built lasers and a commercial laser to determine the individual lasing linewidth via the three-cornered hat method.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Self-attraction effect and correction on three absolute gravimeters

The perturbations of the gravitational field due to the mass distribution of an absolute gravimeter have been studied. The so called Self Attraction Effect (SAE) is crucial for the measurement accuracy, especially for the International Comparisons, and for the uncertainty budget evaluation. Three instruments have been analysed: MPG-2, FG5-238 and IMPG-02. The SAE has been calculated using a numerical method based on FEM simulation. The observed effect has been treated as an additional vertical gravity gradient. The correction (SAC) to be applied to the computed g value has been associated with the specific height level, where the measurement result is typically reported. The magnitude of the obtained corrections is of order 1E-8 m/s2.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Metrologi

Correction due to finite speed of light in absolute gravimeters

Correction due to finite speed of light is among the most inconsistent ones in absolute gravimetry. Formulas reported by different authors yield corrections scattered up to 8 $\mu$Gal with no obvious reasons. The problem, though noted before, has never been studied, and nowadays the correction is rather postulated than rigorously proven. In this paper we make an attempt to revise the subject. Like other authors, we use physical models based on signal delays and the Doppler effect, however, in implementing the models we additionally introduce two scales of time associated with moving and resting reflectors, derive a set of rules to switch between the scales, and establish the equivalence of trajectory distortions as obtained from either time delay or distance progression. The obtained results enabled us to produce accurate correction formulas for different types of instruments, and to explain the differences in the results obtained by other authors. We found that the correction derived from the Doppler effect is accountable only for $\frac23$ of the total correction due to finite speed of light, if no signal delays are considered. Another major source of inconsistency was found in the tacit use of simplified trajectory models

Comment on 'Evaluation of the local value of the Earth gravity field in the context of the new definition of the kilogram'

A recent paper (Baumann et al 2009 Metrologia 46 178-86) presents a method to evaluate the free-fall acceleration at a desired point in space, as required for the watt balance experiment. The claimed uncertainty of their absolute gravity measurements is supported by two bilateral comparisons using two absolute gravimeters of the same type. This comment discusses the case where absolute gravity measurements are traceable to a key comparison reference value. Such an approach produces a more complete uncertainty budget and reduces the risk of the results of different watt balance experiments not being compatible

First Experience with the Transportable MPG-2 Absolute Gravimeter

We report on design details and first results obtained with the transportable absolute gravimeter MPG-2 (“Max-Planck-Gravimeter”). It is developed as an evolution of the stationary device MPG-1, completed in 2007. The MPG-2 is built on a common scheme where the position of a freely falling object is monitored. The setup consists of a ballistic block, an interferometer and the electronics. Free fall drops can be repeated every 10 s with the standard deviation close to 30 μgal. A one-day gravity observation gives a result with a standard deviation of the mean of less than 5 μgal. A prototype of the MPG-2 took part in the ECAG-2007. New measurements at the reference gravity station “Bad Homburg”, Germany confirmed the declared combined standard uncertainty of 50 μgal

A method for adjusting the centre of mass of a freely falling body in absolute gravimetry

In absolute gravimeters, rotation of the falling body causes a systematic error. This error can be minimized by coinciding the centre of mass (COM) of the body with its optical centre (OC). A method to measure the distance between these centres in 3D space is described. The method is based on a mechanical balancing technique. Using this method, the COM of a hollow corner cube mirror assembly is adjusted to the OC to within (43 ± 16) µm. An uncertainty budget is given

CaF2 whispering-gallery-mode-resonator stabilized-narrow-linewidth laser

A fiber laser is stabilized by introducing a calcium fluoride (CaF2) whispering-gallery-mode resonator as a filtering element in a ring cavity. It is set up using a semiconductor optical amplifier as a gain medium. The resonator is critically coupled through prisms, and used as a filtering element to suppress the laser linewidth. A three-cornered-hat method is used and shows a stability of 10(-11) after 10 mu s. Using the self-heterodyne beat technique, the linewidth is determined to be 13 kHz. This implies an enhancement factor of 10(3) with respect to the passive cavity linewidth. (C) 2010 Optical Society of Americ