Этиология внебольничной пневмонии у лиц с хронической сердечной недостаточностью

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is one of the most common comorbidities in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).The aim of this study was to investigate etiology of CAP in patients with concomitant CHF.Methods. This prospective observational study involved adult hospitalized patients with CAP and concomitant CHF. CAP was confirmed by chest X-ray. Sputum samples or oropharyngeal swabs, blood and urine samples were collected in all eligible patients before starting the therapy with systemic antibiotics. Sputum was cultured for «typical» bacterial pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacterales, etc., in accordance with standard methods and procedures. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae and respiratory viruses in sputum or oropharyngeal swabs were identified using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Urine samples were used to determine serogroup 1 Legionella pneumophila and S. pneumoniae soluble antigens using bedside immunochromatography.Results. Fifty patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 72.2 ± 9.5 years, 27 (54%) were females. The etiology of CAP was identified in 23 cases (46%). S. pneumoniae was the most common pathogen (16/23; 69.7%) followed by respiratory viruses (3/23; 13.1%), such as type 3 parainfluenza virus, coronavirus, human metapneumovirus; Haemophilus influenzae (1/23; 4.3%), S. aureus (1/23; 4.3%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (1/23; 4.3%). S. pneumoniae and parainfluenza virus co-infection was diagnosed in one of 23 patients (4.3%).Conclusion. S. pneumoniae and respiratory viruses were predominant causative pathogens of CAP in hospitalized adults with concomitant CHF. Therefore, bedside tests for urine pneumococcal antigens should be used more widely considering difficult sputum expectoration in elderly. Atypical bacterial pathogens (M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila) were not identified in this study, so the routine PCR-test and urine tests for L. pneumophila antigens are thought to be not useful. Хроническая сердечная недостаточность (ХСН) является одним из наиболее частых сопутствующих заболеваний при внебольничной пневмонии (ВП) у пожилых пациентов. Определение спектра типичных возбудителей ВП у лиц данной категории позволит оптимизировать эмпирическую антибактериальную терапию заболевания.Целью исследования явилось изучение структуры возбудителей ВП у больных с ранее выявленной ХСН.Материалы и методы. В проспективное наблюдательное клинико-микробиологическое исследование последовательно были включены пациенты (n = 50: 27 (54 %) женщин; средний возраст – 72,20 ± 9,48 года) с установленным диагнозом ХСН, госпитализированные с рентгенологически подтвержденной ВП. Все образцы мокроты, крови, мочи и орофаригнеальные мазки получены до назначения системных антибактериальных препаратов. Для идентификации типичных бактериальных возбудителей (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, энтеробактерий и т. п.) использовалось культуральное исследование мокроты. Детекция Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae и респираторных вирусов в мокроте или орофаригнеальном образце проводилась методом полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) в реальном времени. Для выявления растворимых антигенов Legionella pneumophila серогруппы 1 и S. pneumoniae в моче применялся иммунохроматографический тест.Результаты. Этиологический диагноз ВП установлен в 23 (46 %) случаях. Отмечено, что наиболее частым возбудителем заболевания оказался S. pneumoniae – в 16 (69,7 %) случаев. У 3 (13,1 %) больных идентифицированы респираторные вирусы (вирус парагриппа типа 3, коронавирус и метапневмовирус человека). Частота выявления Haemophilus influenzae, S. aureus и Klebsiella pneumoniae составила по 1 (4,3 %) случаю соответственно. Коинфекция S. pneumoniae и вируса парагриппа также зарегистрирована у 1 (4,3 %) пациента.Заключение. Продемонстрировано, что ведущими возбудителями ВП у взрослых госпитализированных пациентов c сопутствующей ХСН являлись S. pneumoniae и респираторные вирусы. В связи с ограничениями для культурального исследования мокроты у значительной части пожилых больных необходимо более широкое внедрение в клиническую практику иммунохроматографического теста на пневмококковую антигенурию. Атипичные микроорганизмы (M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila) в данной субпопуляции диагностического значения не имели, поэтому рутинное применение ПЦР-диагностики для их идентификации и анализа на легионеллезную антигенурию может быть неоправданным.

HARMONIC PROPORTIONS OF CHLOROPLAST NUMBER IN STOMATA OF GUARD CELL POPULATIONS IN SUGAR BEET (BETA VULGARIS L.)

The variability of chloroplast number and plastotype number in stomata guard cell populations was analyzed. Experiments were done with three types of plants: inbreed lines, a synthetic population and commercial heterosis hybrids. Chloroplast numbers in stomata guard cells of different plant groups are different: the greatest chloroplast number was recorded in inbred lines and triploid hybrid, and the smallest, in commercial  hybrids. The greatest number of plastotypes was observed in inbreed lines, and the smallest, in hybrids. The fractal dimension of stomata guard cell populations was used for characterization of tissue cells in sugar beet. It estimates in a logarithmic scale the ratio between the chloroplast number and plastotype number. In the samples studied, it varied from 1,17 to 1,23 in inbred lines and from 1,23 to 1,35 in commercial hybrids (average 1,272)

Problems and Peculiarities of Budgeting the Activities in Socially Oriented Non-profit Organizations

In the digital economy, the strengthening of the role of socially oriented non-profit organisations (NPOs) in addressing issues related to the harmonization of the social and economic aspects of society development, cannot be achieved without refocusing accounting on the solution of strategic tasks. An important tool of strategic planning and accounting in order to attract and monitor the use of earmarked funds — is budgeting, which had not been adequately reflected in the accounting activities of socially oriented NPOs. The organization of budgeting system in socially oriented non-profit organizations is based on the following characteristics: the problem of selection of calculation units; a high level of uncertainty of a profitable part of the budget, which is financed by revenues from basic and associate activities; the social orientation of the non-profit organizations, which defines the enhanced responsibility for performance and requires the clarification of the concept of operations results in itself. In the socially oriented NPO, the use of the result-oriented budgeting model, in which the expenditure of trust funds is administered in accordance with the principle of centralization on the one hand, and on the other hand, the objectives are achieved on the basis of the principles of decentralization, ensures planning, execution and monitoring of budget expenditures in direct connection with the specified, and achievable results. Under this model, the mobile annual budgets with a step equal to one month’s budgeting are used. Budget performance analysis aims to assess the quality of socially oriented non-profit organizations’ performance, which have a double-sided nature: on the one hand, the Organization’s efforts are evaluated, and on the other hand, the task force is evaluated. The effect of earmarked funds’ use becomes visible in subsequent reporting periods and is determined with regard to socially oriented NPOs within the society

Identifying the rose varieties and natural forms using ISSR-markers

Identifying among varieties and natural forms of roses were carried out using ISSR thechnics to determine kinship. It was studied 6 foreign varieties, 16 varieties bred in Nikitsky Botanical Garden, as well as 2 natural forms (Rosa canina and Rosa chinensis). Despite some samples breaking into three clades, many of them don’t belong to any of these groups due to the lack of relative ties, that confirms the high genetic diversity in the studied material. The revealed molecular genetic differences in rose forms and varieties can be used to identify and certify cultivars promising for their complex resistance to the continental climate conditions