Role Of Electron-Electron Scattering On Spin Transport In Single Layer Graphene

In this work, the effect of electron-electron scattering on spin transport in single layer graphene is studied using semi-classical Monte Carlo simulation. The D'yakonov-P'erel mechanism is considered for spin relaxation. It is found that electron-electron scattering causes spin relaxation length to decrease by 35% at 300 K. The reason for this decrease in spin relaxation length is that the ensemble spin is modified upon an e-e collision and also e-e scattering rate is greater than phonon scattering rate at room temperature, which causes change in spin relaxation profile due to electron-electron scattering. (C) 2014 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.Microelectronics Research Cente

Role of Kapalabhati and Tratak in school going children w.s.r. to Poor Academic Performance

A sound soul in a healthy body can achieve the over lasting and unabated happiness and bliss, which is the ultimatum of each and every human being, so no gift surpass the gift of life. Shatkarma’s are having multi-systemic benefits on the body. Respiratory system is one among those beneficiary systems. Respiratory system is directly involved in the Kapalabhati. Rate and rhythm of respiration, lung volumes and capacities, breath holding time etc., will get significantly and positively influenced with the practice of Kapalabhati. Kapalabhati is considered as one of the best breathing Exercise, It improves the oxygen circulation throughout the body. As the brain cells receive blood rich in high oxygen content, it enhances the functioning of brain cells improving memory, concentration and efficiency. An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence. IQ is a number meant to measure people cognitive abilities (intelligence) in relation to their age group. Here an attempt is being made to explain the effect of Kapalbhati and Trataka in school going children. With special reference to IQ Level with probable reasoning

Genetic Divergence under Three Environments in a Minicore Collection of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Two hundred and three germplasm lines of minicore collections obtained from ICRISAT, Hyderabad were evaluated for eight quantitative traits under three environments viz. E1 (rainfed 2004–05), E2 (rainfed 2005–06) and E3 (irrigated 2005–06). Mahalanobis' D2 statistic was applied. These genotypes were grouped into 20, 16 and 25 clusters in E1, E2 and E3, respectively. In the present study in all the three environments, the genotypes of different geographic origin were randomly distributed in the clusters. Thus, there is no parallelism between the genetic distance and geographical diversity. The formation of 16, 10 and 18 distinct solitary clusters in E1, E2 and E3, respectively may be due to intensive natural or human selection for diverse adaptive gene complex. The pairs of clusters revealing maximum genetic diversity were identifi ed for all the three environments. It has been suggested that for varietal improvement the hybridization among the genotypes of divergent clusters should be done rather than depending on those genotypes of the cluster having minimum divergence. Genotypes of cluster XIX (ICC13124) had the highest mean value for pod number and earliness in E1. In E2, the genotypes of cluster XV (ICC12654) and XVI (ICC9848) were superior in respect of plant height, pods/plant and 100 seedweight, respectively. In E3, the genotype of cluster XVI (ICC13124) had the highest mean value for seed yield. Cluster XXIII (ICC6279) had the early maturing genotype and cluster XVIII (ICC5879) was superior in respect of pod number and tertiary branches/plant and cluster V(ICC 6816), cluster XI (ICC10341 and cluster XIII (ICC5504) had the tall genotypes. Therefore, these genotypes may be involved in multiple crossing programme to recover transgressive segregate

Genetic variability studies in minicore collection of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under different environments

The present investigation was carried out on chickpea germplasm lines representing minicore collection obtained from ICRISAT, Hyderabad (A.P) for assessing genetic variability under three environments. Considerably high variability was observed for most of the productivity related traits in E3 (irrigated 2005-06). Over all the environments, genotype ICC 6279 was found to be early flowering. For seed yield per plant, ICC 13124 was the only top yielder in all the three environments. The genotype ICC 13124 was found promising for earliness, large seed size and high yield per plant in all the environments suggesting that this accession is best suited for both rainfed and irrigated condition during the rabi season

Validation of Biometrical Principles for Genetic Enhancement of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

In the present investigation, the degree of heterosis for seed yield varied considerably. Parent such as ICC 7315, ICC 13124, ICC 15697 and ICC 6877 were good general combiners and could be of use in breeding for improved productivity in chickpea. The top three crosses viz., ICC 11944 x ICC 13124 (16.95), ICC 9137 xICC 13124 (16.63) and ICC 2507 x ICC 2072 (13.10) exhibited highly significant positive (specific combining ability) effect with high per se performance for seed yield/plant. This indicated that the heterotic performance of these hybrids were mainly due to additive gene action. Further, these crosses are having parents with good xgood general combiners. The high Holics effects in these crosses was mainly through additive x additive type of interaction causing heterosis. Hence, direct selection for higher values of seed yield can be made in the advanced generations of the heterotic crosses involving such parents, as a large portion of the total variation is a result of additive gene effects. Considering F2 performance of these hybrids, three of the six highly heterotic F1’s in high diversity group and high mean (ICC 6877 xICC 7315, ICC 6877 xICC 2072 and ICC 6877 x ICC 10755) followed by high coefficient of variation and range. The mean F2 values of these hybrids range from 25.6 to 37g, from 32.2 to 39.0% coefficient of variation and the higher value of range from 41.2 to 43 g/plant. While in case of medium diversity group, three hybrids (ICC 15697 xICC 7315, ICC 3776 xICC 7315 and ICC 3776 xICC 10755) showed relatively high mean values and higher coefficient of variation with reasonably high range of expression but these figures were lower than those of the hybrids in high diversity group. These facts indicate that parents with high diversity have a better chance of showing high heterosis and better performance

Genetic Variability Studies in Minicore Collections of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Different Environments

The present investigation was carried out on chickpea germplasm lines representing minicore collection obtained from ICRISAT, Patancheru (AP) for assessing genetic variability under three environments. Considerably high variability was observed for most of the productivity related traits in E3 (irrigated 2005–06). This was evidenced by high range of mean performance for different traits in E3 compared to E1 (rainfed 2004–05) and E2 (rainfed 2005–06). Moderately high heritability and genetic advance (GA) was observed for many productivity related traits under E3. The higher PCV, although, heritability was reduced or remained same as that under E2. These findings revealed the importance of productivity related traits giving more response under E3 than E1 and E2 for better expression for crop improvement in chickpea. Over three environments, genotype ICC 6279 was found to be early flowering irrespective of the environmental effect while ICC 1882 was found to be early flowering in E1 and E2 whereas ICC 13124 and ICC 6279 were early in flowering in both E2 and E3 compared to early flowering check JGK-1. For seed yield/plant, 24, 22 and 17 genotypes showed significantly higher yield over check A-1 in E1, E2 and E3, respectively. Out of these, ICC 13124 (31.25 g, 32.85 g and 32.95 g) is the only top yielder in all the three environments. While genotypes ICC 6279 (28.9 and 27.85 g), ICC 13892 (30.05 g and 27.65 g) and ICC 13187 (27.45 g and 36.55 g) were top yielders in both E1 and E2 and ICC 12866 (27.65 and 40.15 g) and ICC 4533 (29.38 and 38.8) were identified as top yielders in E2 and E3, while ICC 12947 (27.9 g and 40.9 g) and ICC 6877 (18 g and 35.33 g) were top yielders in E1 and E3, respectively. On overall basis, the genotype ICC 13124 was found promising for earliness, large seed size and high yield/plant in all the environments suggesting that this accession is best suited for both rainfed and irrigated condition during the rabi season

Heterosis in relation to genetic divergence in minicore collections of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Genetic analysis in chickpea using twelve lines belonging to high, medium and low diversity groups from different inter and intra cluster and four testers having high per se productivity was carried out to study heterosis in relation to genetic diversity for yield and yield attributes. Significant variation for all the characters was noticed except number of primary branches per plant among parents. Parents versus hybrid interaction effect was highly significant for all the characters. The hybrids ICC 6279 x ICC 13124, ICC 15697 x ICC 13124, ICC 6877 x ICC 7315 and ICC 6877 x ICC 10755 exhibited negative significant mid parent heterosis for earliness. Twenty seven hybrids showed positive significant mid parent heterosis for number of pods per plant and the magnitude of heterosis values was high with the highest value of 119.61 per cent. Nearly 85–90 per cent hybrids showed significant positive mid parent heterosis for seed weight. The degree of heterosis for seed yield varied considerably Out of 48 hybrids, 19 exhibited significant positive mid parent heterosis, whereas three exhibited significant positive heterosis over mid parent. The top three potential hybrids over mid parent were ICC 6877 x ICC 2072, ICC 2507 x ICC 2072 and ICC 6877 x ICC 7315. Study of relationship between divergence of the parents and heterosis in the hybrids revealed that the parents separated by D2 values of high to medium magnitude generally showed higher heterosis for different characters. This indicate the role of both heterosis and genetic diversity of parents in realizing higher yield in chickpea

Sweet sorghum - a potential alternate raw material for bio-ethanol and bio-energy

Sweet sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is a special purpose sorghum with a sugar-rich stalk, almost like sugarcane. Besides having rapid growth, high sugar accumulation, and biomass production potential, sweet sorghum has wider adaptability (Reddy and Sanjana 2003). Given that water availability is poised to become a major constraint to agricultural production in coming years (Ryan and Spencer 2001), cultivation of sugarcane becomes difficult. Sweet sorghum would be a logical crop option in lieu of sugarcane in such situations. Sweet sorghum can be grown with less irrigation and rainfall and purchased inputs compared to sugarcane. The sugar content in the juice extracted from sweet sorghum varies from 1623% Brix. It has a great potential for jaggery, syrup and most importantly fuel alcohol production (Ratnavathi et al. 2004a). The stillage after extraction of juice from sweet sorghum can be used for co-generation of power

Genetic diversity within sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Monech) accessions as revealed by RAPD markers

Genetic diversity was evaluated among twenty seven sweet sorghum germpalsm genotypes using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymorphic markers. RAPD markers were efficient and detected 93.4 per cent polymorphism among the accessions. All the genotypes were grouped into three clusters of which all the females came under one single cluster with exception of ICSB 293. Similarly all the males were evenly distributed except one genotype, SSV 74 which formed a distinct cluster itself. Hence, RAPD markers proved to very useful in estimating the genetic diversity among sweet sorghum accessions

Characterization of drought tolerant accessions identified from the minicore of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Terminal drought is one of the major causes of yield losses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and there is scope for recovery of major part of this loss through genetic improvement. The progress in breeding for drought tolerance is slow due to the quantitative and temporal variability of available moisture across years and the low genotypic variance in yield under drought. Deep and prolific root system is a high priority trait that can improve drought tolerance in chickpea.Ten accessions which were identified as drought tolerant based on drought susceptible index (DSI) and drought tolerant efficiency per cent (DTE%) were evaluated during rabi 2006–07 along with stanadred check Annigeri-1 and drought tolerant checks ICC 4958 and ICC 10448 under irrigated and rainfed condition for seed yield and root traits. Wide range of genetic variability, moderate to high heritability and high genetic advance for yield and its component traits was observed in drought tolerant accessions evaluated under moisture stress and irrigated situations during 2006–07. Among the drought tolerant genotypes evaluated, ICC 13124 showed maximum yield levels under irrigated (1220 kg/ha) as well as rainfed condition (990 kg/ha). The per cent reduction in yield was minimum (18.9%) as compared to checks under moisture stress for this genotype. Observations on root length, root weight and root volume showed that ICC 13124 was equally good in respect of root traits which can be used in the breeding programme aimed at drought tolerance